Banknotes are guaranteed to be convertible into standard currency (or specie), and are officially called convertible banknotes. They are contrasted with inconvertible banknotes, which have no promise of convertibility. Banknotes are essentially convertible certificates, which are obligations of the bank to pay the holder the face value of the currency upon demand. As they have come into circulation, they are also called credit money. Issuing banks must hold a convertible reserve, but can issue more banknotes than the convertible reserve through credit creation. However, convertible notes have a fixed paper value due to their convertibility, and their circulation is regulated by the need for commodity trading and debt settlement, so banks cannot arbitrarily expand their issuance. In the past, all banks issued convertible notes, but as face values were standardized and reduced, and as issuance was concentrated and monopolized by the central bank, and central bank notes were granted legal tender status, convertible notes were unified into central bank notes, and in a sense, they were turned into cash. Bank of Japan notes were convertible notes from the first issuance in 1885 (Meiji 18) until 1931 (Showa 6), and were initially convertible into silver coins, and from 1897 onwards they were convertible into gold coins (however, due to the effects of World War I, the gold standard was suspended from September 1917 (Taisho 6) to January 1930, and they were not convertible into gold coins). [Tadashi Saito] [Reference items] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
本位貨幣(または正貨)との兌換が保証されている銀行券のことで、正式には兌換銀行券という。兌換の約束のない不換銀行券に対比される。銀行券は本来、兌換券であり、その保有者に対して、要求ありしだい額面の貨幣を支払うという銀行の債務証書である。これが流通するようになったことから信用貨幣ともいわれる。発行銀行は、兌換準備金を保有しなければならないが、信用創造によって兌換準備以上の銀行券を発行することができる。しかし、兌換券は、兌換によってその紙幣価値が一定されており、商品取引や債務の決済の必要によってその流通も規制されているので、銀行が任意に発券を拡張することはできない。かつてはどの銀行も兌換券を発行していたが、券面金額の統一化、小額化とともに、中央銀行による発券の集中・独占化、および中央銀行券への法貨資格の付与によって、兌換券は中央銀行券に統一され、いわば現金化するに至った。日本銀行券は、1885年(明治18)の発行開始から1931年(昭和6)まで兌換券であり、当初は銀貨兌換、1897年以降は金貨兌換であった(ただし、第一次世界大戦の影響で1917年(大正6)9月から30年1月までは金本位制が停止され、金貨兌換は行われなかった)。 [齊藤 正] [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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