Index number

Japanese: 指数 - しすう(英語表記)index number
Index number

A statistical value that is created to be easily compared with a certain base value for the purpose of grasping the fluctuation of a certain specific data series, comparing the changes between multiple data series of the same type, or understanding the overall movement of a group of objects consisting of many elements. Although all indices have a base value, there are various methods for creating indices depending on the object and purpose. To see the fluctuation of a certain specific data series or the movement between multiple data series of the same type, a specific observation value (data at a specific time in the case of time series data, data of a specific content in the case of cross-sectional data) is used as the base value for each data series, usually replacing it with 100, and recalculating other observation values ​​proportionally according to it to create an index series. An index created in this way is called a simple index, and is created and used in a wide range of applications, such as investigating the production trends of individual products and international comparisons of national income growth. In contrast, an index created by combining the observation data of each element in order to grasp the overall movement of an object consisting of many elements is called a composite index. Some of these, such as the Business Cycle Index, are calculated simply as a percentage of the direction of fluctuation of each simple index, but in general, they are calculated using weights to consider the importance of each component to the whole. The most representative examples are the price index, production index, and trade index. Depending on how the weights are used, there are differences in the calculation formula, such as the Laspeyres formula, the Paasche formula, and the Edgeworth formula, and there is also the Fisher formula, which is a combination of the first two formulas.

[Tadashi Takashima]

[Reference items] | Edgeworth index | Paasche index | Fisher index | Laspeyres index

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ある特定データ系列の変動の把握、同種の複数データ系列間の変化の比較、あるいは多数の要素から構成される一群の対象の動きを総合的に理解することなどを目的に、ある基準値と容易に比較可能なように作成された統計値のこと。どの指数にも基準値のあることは共通であるが、その対象と目的に応じて指数の作成方式には種々のものがある。ある特定データ系列の変動や同種の複数データ系列間の動きをみるためには、個々のデータ系列について、特定観測値(時系列データの場合には特定時点のデータ、横断面データの場合には特定内容のデータ)を基準値として、通常100と置き換え、それに従って他の観測値を比例計算で算定し直すことにより、指数系列を作成する。このようにして作成されたものは単純指数とよばれ、個々の製品の生産動向の調査や国民所得の伸びの国際比較など、広い範囲にわたって作成、利用される。これに対して、多数の要素から構成される対象の動きを全体的に把握するために、個々の要素の観測データを総合して作成される指数は、総合指数とよばれる。これには景気動向指数のように個々の単純指数の変動方向を単に割合として作成されるものもあるが、一般には、個々の構成要素が対象全体のなかに占める重要性を考慮するためのウェイト(加重)を用いて算定される。そのもっとも代表的なものとしては、物価指数、生産指数、貿易指数などがある。その算式も、ウェイトの採用の仕方によって、ラスパイレス算式、パーシェ算式、エッジワース算式の相違があり、さらに前の二算式を混合して作成するものとしてフィッシャーの算式がある。

[高島 忠]

[参照項目] | エッジワース指数 | パーシェ指数 | フィッシャー指数 | ラスパイレス指数

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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