Standard state - hyojunjoutai (English spelling) normal state

Japanese: 標準状態 - ひょうじゅんじょうたい(英語表記)normal state
Standard state - hyojunjoutai (English spelling) normal state

Generally, it refers to the state of a gas at a pressure of 1 atmosphere (1013.25 hectopascals) and a temperature of 0°C (273.15K). It is sometimes abbreviated as NTP (normal temperature and pressure). This pressure and temperature are called standard pressure (NP) and standard temperature (NT), respectively.

This concept was born from the basic properties of gas, where V is 22.4 liters when p=1atm (atmosphere), T=273.15K=0℃, and n=1mol in the gas equation of state pV=nRT. Here, R is the gas constant.

The definition is different for thermodynamic functions. In this case, the standard conditions are a temperature of 25°C and a pressure of 1 atm. For example, the standard enthalpy of a compound, ΔH , is expressed by placing the absolute temperature of 298K in the lower right corner and the assumed value of the enthalpy of its component elements (usually zero) in the upper right corner. That is, ΔH 0 298 .

In the case of a solution, the definition of the standard state varies depending on the measurement temperature, pressure, and temperature. For example, when talking about chemical equilibrium in a solution, activity (effective value of corrected concentration) is included, and the standard state in this case is the temperature at which the activity is calculated.

[Takashi Shimozawa]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

一般に、圧力1気圧(1013.25ヘクトパスカル)、温度0℃(273.15K)における気体の状態をいう。NTP(normal temperature and pressure)と略称されることもある。この圧力、温度をそれぞれ標準圧力(NP)、標準温度(NT)という。

 気体の状態方程式pV=nRTにおいて、p=1atm(気圧),T=273.15K=0℃,n=1mol(モル)ととったとき、Vが22.4リットルになるという気体の基本的性質から生まれた概念である。ここでRは気体定数である。

 熱力学関数の場合には、定義が異なる。この場合、温度25℃、圧力1気圧を標準状態とする。たとえば、化合物の標準エンタルピーΔHは、絶対温度298Kを右下につけ、右上にはその成分元素のエンタルピーの仮定値(一般にはゼロ)をつけて表す。すなわちΔH0298である。

 溶液の場合には、標準状態の定義が、測定温度のほか、対象としている圧力や温度のとり方によって異なる。たとえば、溶液内の化学平衡をいうとき、活動度(補正された濃度の有効値)が入るが、このときの標準状態は、活動度を求めた温度をとる。

[下沢 隆]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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