Albedo (English spelling)

Japanese: アルベド(英語表記)albedo
Albedo (English spelling)
The proportion of light reflected by the surface of an object. In astronomy, it is used to describe the reflectivity of planets, dwarf planets, moons, and asteroids. There are two types of albedo: ordinary albedo and Bond albedo. Ordinary albedo, also called ordinary reflectance, is the relative value of brightness when a surface is illuminated perpendicularly and measured. For example, the ordinary albedo of snow is approximately 1.0, while that of charcoal is 0.04. When determining the surface composition of moons and asteroids, observations of the ordinary albedo are used, and the brightness of the celestial body is determined by combining the albedo, diameter, and distance to the celestial body. If the dwarf planet Ceres and the asteroid Vesta were at the same distance, Vesta would be about 10% brighter. Vesta's diameter is less than half that of Ceres, but Vesta's albedo is 0.35, while Ceres's albedo is 0.09, so Vesta appears brighter. Bond albedo is defined as the ratio of the incoming sunlight that a planet reflects, and is determined by the planet's energy balance. It was named after American astronomer George P. Bond, who compared the brightness of the Sun, Moon, and Jupiter in 1861. The value of Bond albedo is defined over the entire wavelength range, so it depends on the spectrum of incoming radiation. Earth's Bond albedo is determined by satellites orbiting the Earth, and the most recent value is 0.33. The Moon, which has almost no atmosphere and is cloudless, has a Bond albedo of 0.12, while Venus, which is covered by thick clouds, has a Bond albedo of 0.76.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
物体表面で反射される光の割合。天文学において,惑星,準惑星,衛星,小惑星の反射の特性を表現するのに用いられる。アルベドは,通常アルベドとボンドアルベドの2種類に分けられる。通常アルベドは,通常反射率とも呼ばれ,ある表面に垂直方向から照射され測定された際の輝度の相対的な値をいう。たとえば,雪の通常アルベドはほぼ 1.0であるが,木炭は 0.04である。衛星や小惑星の表面組成を決める際には通常アルベドの観測を用い,アルベド,直径,天体までの距離を総合して天体の輝度が決められる。かりに,準惑星のケレスや小惑星のベスタが等距離にあるとすると,ベスタが約 10%だけ明るくなる。ベスタの直径はケレスの半分以下であるが,ベスタはアルベドが 0.35であり,ケレスのアルベドは 0.09なので,ベスタが明るく見える。入射する太陽光に対して惑星が反射する割合として定義されるのがボンドアルベドであり,惑星のエネルギー収支で決まる。ボンドアルベドの名称は,アメリカ人天文学者ジョージ・P.ボンドが,1861年に太陽,月,木星の明るさの比較を行なったことにちなんでつけられた。ボンドアルベドの値は,全波長領域で定義されるため,入射する放射のスペクトルに依存する。地球のボンドアルベドを決めるのには地球を回る人工衛星が使われ,最新の値は 0.33である。ほとんど大気をもたず雲もない月のボンドアルベドは 0.12,濃い雲に覆われている金星は 0.76である。

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