A surgical light installed in an operating room. Shadowless lamp is thought to be a direct translation of the Shadowless Lamp that was once called it in the West, but the term Shadowless Lamp is no longer used and is now called surgical lighting. During surgery, a high illuminance of 20,000 to 100,000 lux is required for the surgical field (approximately 20 centimeters in diameter), and lighting with an appropriate light color that creates as little shadow as possible on the surgical wound surface and is not hot is required. Regarding light color, a correlated color temperature of 3500 to 4500K (Kelvin) is considered best for correctly identifying biological tissue. To meet these requirements, surgical lighting generally consists of multiple independent ceiling-suspended light projectors (10 large, 7 medium, and 4 small). There is space between each light projector to avoid disrupting the flow of clean air, and the entire surgical lighting system can be freely adjusted in a circle measuring 1 meter for large, 0.8 meters for medium, and 0.6 meters for small. The light source for the light projector is a 24-volt, 40-watt halogen bulb, and heat is removed by using a cold mirror (a mirror that transmits heat rays and reflects light) and a heat-reflecting filter in the optical system. The principle of no shadow is that the shadows that are created when the light from the lamp is blocked by the head or shoulders of the surgeon or medical staff can be eliminated by illuminating the surgical area with multiple light projectors. Even in single-lamp surgical lamps that consist of one large reflector, the reflector is large, so it has the effect of eliminating shadows. Usually, a combination of medium and small or large and small is used for both multi-light and single-light types to accurately view deep inside living organisms, to improve the shadowless effect, to prepare for unexpected situations such as breakdowns, etc. In particular, a combination of medium and small is suitable for use as an operating light in a bio-clean room (sterile room). In Japan, white LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes) have become much more efficient and powerful since 2008, and they have begun to be used in surgical lighting. White LEDs have the advantage of generating significantly less heat than halogen bulbs, and their long lifespan means that the time between lamp replacements can be significantly extended. [Takahashi Sadao] "Norio Seki, "What will become of surgical shadowless lamps?" (Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society of Japan, Vol. 81, No. 12, pp. 1072-1077, 1997, Illuminating Engineering Society of Japan) " "Kento Yamada, "Shadowless Lamps (Surgery Lamps)?" (Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society of Japan, Vol. 88, No. 9, pp. 685-686, 2004, Illuminating Engineering Society of Japan)" [Reference] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
手術室に設備される手術用照明灯。無影灯はかつて欧米でよばれていたShadowless Lampの直訳と考えられるが、現在では無影灯という呼称は使用されず、手術用照明灯とよばれる。手術作業では手術域(直径約20センチメートル)に2万~10万ルクスの高照度が必要で、手術創傷面に対してできるだけ影を生じず、かつ熱のない適切な光色の照明が要求される。光色については生体組織の正しい判別のために、相関色温度3500~4500K(ケルビン)がよいとされている。 手術用照明灯はこのような要求を満たすように、天井懸垂式の独立した投光部を複数個(大型で10灯、中型7灯、小型4灯)配列した多灯式が一般的である。各投光部の間は清浄空気の流れを乱さないよう開けてあり、手術用照明灯全体として大型で1メートル、中型0.8メートル、小型0.6メートルの円形で自在に操作できる。投光部の光源は24ボルト40ワットのハロゲン電球で光学系のコールドミラー(熱線を透過し光を反射する鏡)と熱線反射フィルターの併用で熱を取り去っている。 無影の原理は、照明灯からの光が術者や医療スタッフの頭や肩で遮られることによって生じる影を、複数の投光部で手術域を照らし打ち消すことができるからである。1個の大きな反射鏡からなる単灯式手術用照明灯にあっても、反射鏡が大きいので影を打ち消す効果がある。 通常、多灯式でも単灯式でも生体の深部を的確に見る、無影の効果を高める、故障などの不測の事態に備えるなどのために、中型と小型あるいは大型と小型の組合せが用いられる。とくに、バイオクリーンルーム(無菌室)の手術灯には中型と小型の多灯式が適している。 日本では2008年(平成20)以降、白色LED(Light Emitting Diode=発光ダイオードの略)の高効率と高出力化が著しく進み、手術用照明灯に使用されだしている。白色LEDはハロゲン電球に比べ発熱が大幅に少なく、かつ長寿命でランプ交換の時間を大幅に延ばせるという利点がある。 [高橋貞雄] 『関紀夫「どうなる手術用無影灯」(『照明学会誌』第81巻12号pp.1072~1077. 1997・照明学会)』▽『山田研登「無影灯(手術灯)」(『照明学会誌』第88巻9号pp.685~686. 2004・照明学会)』 [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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