Dry keratoconjunctivitis - Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca

Japanese: 乾性角結膜炎 - かんせいかくけつまくえん(英語表記)Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca
Dry keratoconjunctivitis - Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca
[What kind of disease is it?]
The cornea and conjunctiva are covered with tears, protecting them from dryness and external stimuli. Tears are made up of three layers: a mucus layer, an aqueous layer, and an oily layer, and the tears spread evenly over the cornea and conjunctiva surface, stabilizing it and preventing it from drying out.
However, when tears are reduced or their quality is impaired, the cornea and conjunctiva become dry, causing damage to the cornea. This is called keratoconjunctivitis sicca.
[Cause]
Causes include vitamin A deficiency, post-conjunctivitis (such as trachoma or viral conjunctivitis), medications, eyelid abnormalities such as lagophthalmos (column "lagophthalmos"), and reduced corneal sensation due to contact lens wear, but the most common type is primary, with no known cause.
Sjögren's syndrome, an autoimmune disease, causes severe sicca keratoconjunctivitis accompanied by systemic symptoms such as dry mouth and arthritis.
[Symptoms]
Typical symptoms include dryness, foreign body sensation, burning sensation, bloodshot eyes, and eye fatigue ("eye strain"). Subjective symptoms vary. If symptoms worsen in dry places and improve in humid places, this can be a useful indicator for diagnosis.
When tears dry out, the surface of the cornea and conjunctiva becomes exposed, causing many tiny scratches, resulting in these symptoms.
[Testing and diagnosis]
Tests that are performed include the Schirmer test to measure tear secretion function, the cotton thread method to check the amount of tear storage, the tear breakup time (BUT) to check the stability of tears, and vital staining tests to check for abnormalities in the cornea and conjunctiva.
In addition, blood tests and a biopsy of the lacrimal gland may also be performed for Sjögren's syndrome.
The diagnosis is made based on three criteria: subjective symptoms, reduced or qualitative tear production, and corneal and conjunctival abnormalities.
[Treatment]
Artificial tear drops are used to increase tear production.
Eye drops usually contain preservatives, but when tears are reduced, the preservatives are not easily washed away, making the cornea more susceptible to damage. Be sure to use eye drops that do not contain preservatives. Artificial tears are quickly flushed out, but eye drops with longer-lasting effects have recently been developed. In addition, protective goggles for dry eyes may be used to prevent tears from evaporating, and punctal plugs may be used to suppress tear drainage.
[Precautions in daily life]
To prevent tears from drying out, you can take measures such as keeping the humidity in the room high and making sure the air conditioner's breeze does not blow directly on your eyes.
Your eyes are more likely to become dry if you blink less or keep your eyes wide open, so be careful when doing VDT work (work using a computer or other screen) or other work that requires you to look at something for long periods of time.

Dry keratoconjunctivitis (Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca)

[What kind of disease is it?]
This is a disease caused by a decrease in tear secretion (dry eye).
It has traditionally been more prevalent among middle-aged and older women, but recently it has been occurring more frequently among younger people, both men and women, who use office equipment and contact lenses frequently.
[Symptoms]
The main symptoms are a foreign body sensation, dryness, and eye discharge, but there can also be more vague symptoms such as eye fatigue.
Sjögren's syndrome is an autoimmune disease in which the secretion of both tears and saliva is simultaneously reduced. In this condition, the patient often develops severe keratoconjunctivitis sicca, and can sometimes develop corneal ulcers and even blindness.
[Treatment]
There is currently no medicine that can reliably increase tear secretion, and the only treatment available is oral Chinese herbal medicine. The main treatment is the use of artificial tears, which are eye drops to moisten the eyes.
In severe cases, glasses with covers to prevent tears from evaporating or punctal plugs to prevent tears from draining may be used.

Source: Shogakukan Home Medical Library Information

Japanese:
[どんな病気か]
 角結膜は、涙液(るいえき)におおわれており、乾燥や外界からの刺激から保護されています。涙液は粘液層、水層、油層の3層構造からなり、涙液が角結膜表面に均一に広がって安定化し、乾燥しにくいようになっています。
 しかし、涙液が減少または質的な異常をきたし、角結膜が乾燥することによって、角結膜に障害がおこります。これを乾性角結膜炎といいます。
[原因]
 ビタミンA欠乏、結膜炎後(トラコーマやウイルス性結膜炎など)、薬剤によるもの、兎眼(とがん)症(コラム「兎眼症」)などまぶたの異常、コンタクトレンズ装用による角膜知覚低下などが原因になりますが、原因のわからない原発性のものがもっとも多くみられます。
 シェーグレン症候群(「シェーグレン症候群」)という自己免疫疾患(じこめんえきしっかん)では、口渇、関節炎などの全身症状をともない、重症の乾性角結膜炎を生じます。
[症状]
 乾燥感、異物感、灼熱感(しゃくねつかん)、充血、眼精疲労(がんせいひろう)(「眼精疲労」)などが代表的な症状ですが、自覚症状はさまざまです。乾燥した場所では症状が悪化し、湿度の高い場所では改善するといった場合、診断の参考になります。
 涙液が乾燥すると角結膜表面が露出し、細かい傷がたくさんできることによって、これらの症状が現われます。
[検査と診断]
 涙液の分泌機能(ぶんぴつきのう)を測定するためのシルマー試験、涙液の貯留量を調べる綿糸法、涙液の安定性を検査するための涙液層破壊時間(BUT)、角結膜の異常を調べる生体染色検査などが行なわれます。
 またシェーグレン症候群では、血液検査や涙腺(るいせん)のバイオプシー(生検)なども行なわれます。
 自覚症状、涙液の減少または質的な異常、角結膜の異常の3つから診断が得られます。
[治療]
 涙液を増やすために人工涙液の点眼が行なわれます。
 点眼薬にはふつう防腐剤が入っていますが、涙液が減少していると防腐剤が洗い流されにくくなり、角膜に障害をおこしやすくなります。防腐剤の入っていない点眼薬を使用するように注意しましょう。人工涙液はすぐに排出されてしまいますが、最近では、効果が長い点眼薬も開発されています。また、ドライアイ保護用めがねを使用して涙の蒸発を防いだり、涙の排出を抑えるための涙点プラグなどが用いられることがあります。
[日常生活の注意]
 涙液が乾燥しにくいように、部屋の湿度を高く保つようにしたり、エアコンの風が目に直接あたらないようにするなど工夫します。
 まばたきが減ったり、目を大きく開けていると乾燥しやすくなるので、VDT作業(パソコンなどの画面を用いての作業)など、長時間ものを見る作業をする場合には、注意しましょう。

かんせいかくけつまくえん【乾性角結膜炎 Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca】

[どんな病気か]
 涙の分泌(ぶんぴつ)が低下する(ドライアイ)ためにおこってくる病気です。
 中年以降の女性に多いとされてきましたが、最近ではOA機器やコンタクトレンズの使用頻度の高い若年者にも、男女を問わず増えてきています。
[症状]
 異物感、乾燥感、めやに(眼脂(がんし))などがおもな症状ですが、目が疲れるといった、はっきりしない症状のこともあります。
 涙と唾液(だえき)の分泌が同時に低下する自己免疫疾患(じこめんえきしっかん)はシェーグレン症候群(「シェーグレン症候群」)と呼ばれ、乾性角結膜炎も重症になることが多く、ときには角膜潰瘍(かくまくかいよう)から、失明に至ることもあります。
[治療]
 涙の分泌を確実に増やす薬は今のところなく、漢方薬などの内服が行なわれる程度です。治療の主体は、人工涙液(じんこうるいえき)という、目をうるおすための目薬の点眼になります。
 重症例には、涙の蒸発を防ぐカバー付きめがねや、涙の排出を防ぐ涙点(るいてん)プラグが使われることもあります。

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