Assets - Shisan (English spelling) assets

Japanese: 資産 - しさん(英語表記)assets
Assets - Shisan (English spelling) assets

An accounting asset is a debit on the balance sheet that represents a resource controlled by an entity and its essence is the future economic benefits expected to flow from that resource.

Specifically, assets can be divided into monetary assets such as cash, deposits, accounts receivable, bills receivable, loans, and other monetary claims, and expense assets that are expensed in a certain way in the profit and loss statement, such as inventory assets such as goods and products, tangible fixed assets such as buildings and machinery, and intangible fixed assets such as patents and design rights. In addition, there are also assets that are neither monetary nor expense, such as investment accounts such as land, construction in progress, shares of subsidiaries and affiliates, and other securities.

In addition, in order to match future revenues and perform proper profit and loss calculations for a period, expenses that have no liquidity value may be recorded as assets in order to defer them to the next or subsequent period. These are called deferred assets. However, since they are merely deferrals of expenses that have already been spent, there are doubts about their asset status from the perspective of the asset-liability approach (an accounting framework that records profits by placing emphasis on the definition and measurement of assets and liabilities). In foreign literature, they are called deferred expenses.

Regarding the essence of the concept of assets, for example, the Accounting Standards Board of Japan's Discussion Paper: Conceptual Framework for Financial Accounting (published in December 2006) defines the following as "an asset is an economic resource that the reporting entity controls as a result of past transactions or events" (Chapter 3, "Elements of Financial Statements", Paragraph 4 [Assets]). It states that "control" refers to the state in which the reporting entity can use an economic resource and enjoy the benefits generated by it, regardless of whether it has ownership, and that "economic resources" refer to a source of benefits that contribute to the acquisition of cash, regardless of whether they are disposable in the market, and includes not only physical goods but also financial assets and their equivalents.

The International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) similarly defines assets in the "Framework for Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements" as "resources controlled by a particular entity as a result of past events and from which future economic benefits are expected to flow to that entity" (paragraph 49(A)), and states that economic benefits are the potential to contribute to the inflow of cash and cash equivalents to the entity (paragraph 53).

The measurement bases for end-of-period valuation of assets are generally historical cost, current cost, realizable value, and present value. Historical cost is based on the amount paid when acquiring the asset (or its equivalent amount), i.e. acquisition cost, while current cost is based on the amount paid if an asset identical or equivalent to the asset being evaluated at the end of the period was acquired. Realizable value is based on the amount that will flow in through normal sales or disposal of the asset, while present value is based on the total amount of future net cash inflows during the course of investment in the business, discounted to present value taking into account the time value of money.

[Noriyuki Chikada]

[Reference item] | Deferred assets | Fixed assets | Balance sheet

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

会計上の資産は、貸借対照表上、借方に計上され、企業により支配されている資源のこと。その本質は当該資源から生じると期待される将来の経済的便益である。

 具体的には、現金や預金、売掛金や受取手形、貸付金などの金銭債権等のような貨幣性資産と、商品・製品等の棚卸資産、建物や機械などの有形固定資産、特許権や意匠権などの無形固定資産のような一定の方法で損益計算上費用化される費用性資産に分けられる。そのほか、土地や建設仮勘定、子会社・関連会社株式やその他有価証券などの投資勘定のような、貨幣性資産でも費用性資産でもないものもある。

 そのほか、将来の獲得収益と対応させ、適正な期間損益計算を行うため、換金価値がない費用を次期以降に繰り延べるために資産として計上する場合がある。これを繰延資産とよぶ。しかし、すでに費消した費用の繰延べにすぎないため、資産負債アプローチ(資産と負債の定義や測定を重視して利益を計上する会計計算の枠組み)の視点からはその資産性に対して疑義があるとされる。外国文献では繰延費用と称されている。

 資産概念の本質に関しては、たとえば、日本の企業会計基準委員会による「討議資料 財務会計の概念フレームワーク」(2006年12月公表)によれば、「資産とは、過去の取引または事象の結果として、報告主体が支配している経済的資源をいう。」(第3章「財務諸表の構成要素」第4項〔資産〕)と定義され、「支配」は、所有権の有無にかかわらず、報告主体が経済的資源を利用し、そこから生み出される便益を享受できる状態をいうとし、また「経済的資源」とは、市場での処分可能性の有無にかかわらず、キャッシュの獲得に貢献する便益の源泉をいい、実物財に限らず、金融資産およびそれらとの同等物を含むとしている。

 国際財務報告基準(IFRS)でも、同様に、「財務諸表の作成および表示に関するフレームワーク」において、「過去の事象の結果として特定の企業により支配され、かつ、将来の経済的便益が当該企業に流入することが期待される資源をいう。」(第49項(A))と定義され、経済的便益については、企業に現金・現金同等物を流入させることに貢献する潜在能力としている(第53項)。

 資産の期末評価に関しては、その測定基礎として、一般に、歴史的原価、現在原価、実現可能価額、現在価値があげられる。歴史的原価とは、資産を取得する際に支出した価額(またはその相当額)、いわゆる取得原価を基礎とするものであり、現在原価とは、期末時点で評価対象の資産と同一または同等の資産を取得したと仮定した場合に支払う価額を基礎とするものである。また、実現可能価額とは、資産を通常の売却や処分を行うことで流入する価額を基礎とするものであり、現在価値とは、事業に投下されている過程で将来にわたる正味の現金流入額を合計し、貨幣の時間価値を考慮して現在価値に割り引いて計算したものを基礎とする。

[近田典行]

[参照項目] | 繰延資産 | 固定資産 | 貸借対照表

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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