Troubadour (French: minstrel)

Japanese: 吟遊詩人 - ぎんゆうしじん(英語表記)troubadour フランス語
Troubadour (French: minstrel)

In southern France, from the beginning of the 12th century, a small but glamorous society centered around the nobles was born in the courts of the feudal lords, and a new idea of ​​love called noble worship and courtly style was born. In this environment and idea, the knight-poet would feel eternal love for the lady he loved, sing about it in elaborate poetic forms, sometimes even obscure, compose his own songs, and travel from castle to castle singing them. These poet-knights were troubadours, or minstrels. Today, there are more than 400 names of them. However, the content is the same, a plea for love to the lady that will never be reciprocated and a vow of service. Even if the plea is granted, the only thing he receives is a kiss on the forehead, but the poet will dedicate even more sincerity to further preserve the honor of that kiss, called "consolamente." It can be thought of as a transposition of Christian Marian worship into secular love, and as a romantic transformation of feudal lord-vassal relationships. Among the most famous are Cercamon, Jaufre Rudel, and Bernard de Ventadour. Troubadour lyric poetry spread throughout Europe, with the likes of Conon de Bethune (known as "Trouber"), Châtelain de Coucy, Thibaut IV, Count of Champagne, and Richard the Lionheart in northern France. In Germany, Walter von der Vogelweide and Ulrich von Liechtenstein were known as "Minnesengers," and they had followers in Spain and Italy. Sordello and Arnaud Daniel are celebrated in Dante's Divine Comedy, and it is no exaggeration to say that Dante, along with Petrarch, is in a sense part of the Troubadour lineage.

[Teruo Sato]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

南フランスでは12世紀の初めごろから、封建大諸侯の宮廷に、貴女(きじょ)を中心とする狭いが華やかな社会が生まれ、貴女崇拝と宮廷風とよばれる新しい恋愛の理念が生じた。騎士である詩人は、そういう環境と理念のなかで、愛する心の貴女に永遠の思慕を寄せて、それをときには晦渋(かいじゅう)なまでに凝った詩型に歌い込んで、それに自分で作曲し、城から城に遍歴して歌って回る。この詩人・騎士がトルーバドゥール、すなわち吟遊詩人である。今日400余人の名が残されている。ただしその内容は一定していて、けっして報われることのない貴女への愛の嘆願と奉仕の誓いである。その願いがいれられても、額に口づけを一つ受ける程度であるが、詩人はその「コンソラメンテ」という口づけの栄誉をさらに保つために、なおいっそうの誠を捧(ささ)げる。キリスト教のマリア崇拝を世俗の愛に置き換えたものであり、また封建主従の関係を恋愛関係に仕立てたものと考えてよい。セルカモン、ジョフレ・リュデル、ベルナール・ド・バンタドゥールらがとくに有名である。トルーバドゥールの叙情詩は全ヨーロッパに広まり、北フランスでは(「トルーベール」とよばれる)コノン・ド・ベチューヌ、シャトラン・ド・クーシー、シャンパーニュ伯チボー4世、獅子(しし)心王リチャードらがいる。ドイツではワルター・フォン・デァ・フォーゲルワイデ、ウルリッヒ・フォン・リヒテンシュタインらがおり、「ミンネゼンガー」とよばれ、スペインやイタリアにもその追従者を出している。ソルデルロ、アルノー・ダニエルはダンテの『神曲』のなかで謳(うた)われ、そのダンテはペトラルカとともに、ある意味でトルーバドゥールの系譜のなかにあるといっても過言でない。

[佐藤輝夫]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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