Generally, it refers to a substance that undergoes a chemical reaction when acted upon by an enzyme. For example, starch is a substrate for amylase, urea for urease, and ribonucleic acid (RNA) for ribonuclease (RNase). In an enzyme reaction, each enzyme molecule recognizes the structure of a specific substrate molecule and acts on it, showing selectivity for the substrate. This is called the enzyme's substrate specificity, and the reason why many enzymes are named after their representative substrates is because substrate specificity is a major characteristic of enzymes. This substrate specificity varies from extremely high to low depending on the enzyme. The relationship between an enzyme and its substrate can be likened to the relationship between a key and a lock. The "lock and key theory" (Emil H. Fischer) is basically correct, but the relationship between the two is not fixed, and is explained by the induced fit model (DE Koshland, Jr.), which states that the catalytic action is promoted by causing a mutual conformational change. The starting material for metabolism can also be called a substrate. It can refer to the respiratory substrate or fermentation substrate of a certain microorganism. It can also refer to the chromosomal substrate or cytoplasmic substrate (cytosol). [Michiko Iijima] "Enzyme Reactions" by Hiromi Keitaro (1991, Iwanami Shoten)" ▽ "Enzyme Kinetics" by Nakamura Takao (1993, Academic Press Center)" ▽ "The Chemistry of Enzymes" by Ichijima Eiji (1995, Asakura Shoten)" ▽ "Iwanami Lectures: Fundamentals of Modern Medicine 2, Molecular and Cellular Biology 2" edited by Ishikawa Harunori et al. (2000, Iwanami Shoten)" ▽ "The Mechanism of Enzyme Reactions: Exploring the Greatest Mysteries of Modern Chemistry" by Fujimoto Daizaburo (Kodansha Bluebacks)" ▽ "Harper's Biochemistry, 28th Edition, by R.K. Murray et al., supervised translation by Ueda Yoshito and Shimizu Takao (2011, Maruzen)" [References] | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
一般に酵素の作用を受けて化学反応をおこす物質をさす場合が多い。たとえばデンプンはアミラーゼの基質であり、尿素はウレアーゼの、またリボ核酸(RNA)はリボヌクレアーゼ(RNase)のそれぞれ基質である。酵素反応においては、各酵素分子が特定の基質分子の構造を認識して作用を及ぼす、基質に関する選択性を示す。これを酵素の基質特異性というが、酵素の名称の多くがその代表的な基質の名をつけて命名されているのは、基質特異性が酵素の大きな特徴であることによる。この基質特異性は、酵素によりきわめて高いものから低いものまでいろいろある。このような酵素と基質の関係は、鍵(かぎ)と鍵穴との関係に例えられる。「鍵と鍵穴説」(Emil・H・フィッシャー)は基本的には正しいが、両者の関係は固定的ではなく、相互にコンホメーション(立体配座)の変化を引き起こすことにより触媒作用を促進するという誘導適合モデル(コシュランドD. E. Koshland, Jr.)で説明されている。 なお、代謝の出発物質を基質とよぶこともある。ある微生物の呼吸基質とか、発酵基質といった使われ方をする。また、染色体基質や細胞質基質(サイトゾル)をさす場合もある。 [飯島道子] 『広海啓太郎著『酵素反応』(1991・岩波書店)』▽『中村隆雄著『酵素キネティクス』(1993・学会出版センター)』▽『一島英治著『酵素の化学』(1995・朝倉書店)』▽『石川春律他編『岩波講座 現代医学の基礎2 分子・細胞の生物学2』(2000・岩波書店)』▽『藤本大三郎著『酵素反応のしくみ――現代化学の最大の謎をさぐる』(講談社ブルーバックス)』▽『R・K・マレー他著、上代淑人・清水孝雄監訳『ハーパー生化学』原書28版(2011・丸善)』 [参照項目] | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
A novella by American author J.D. Salinger, publi...
...This tendency is especially strong in species ...
…It does not refer to a specific insect, but is a...
Invented by Talbot in 1841, this was the first pho...
⇒ Learned behavior Source: About Shogakukan Digita...
(1) Vultur gryphus; Andean condor. Family Vulture ...
...Others are named after the technique or the er...
...A general term for works that feature a "...
The thrust of the ramjet engine is much greater t...
A new religion that arose in China at the end of ...
French painter. Born in Le Havre. He studied at t...
A commentary on the customs of the court. Written...
A deciduous shrub of the Magnoliaceae family (APG...
A story from the Muromachi period. Author unknown....
...The name Sasanoha is said to come from the fac...