Louis Althusser

Japanese: アルチュセール - あるちゅせーる(英語表記)Louis Althusser
Louis Althusser

A French philosopher who attempted to revitalize Marxism in the modern era. Born in Algeria, he studied Hegelian philosophy under Bachelard at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris, and later lectured in philosophy at his alma mater. The foundation of his academic endeavors is to discover the inherent structure of the relationship between science and philosophy in Marxism. He refuses to reduce Marx's thought to early theories of humanity and alienation, and emphasizes that the distinctive feature of his thought is its "epistemological severance" from ideology. On the other hand, he opposes the tendency to read Marx's main work, Das Kapital, as a book that simply analyzes economic mechanisms, and emphasizes the need to read it as a book on the structure of the capitalist mode of production and the conflict between social classes. Based on the key concepts of "surdétermination" and "structural causality" borrowed from psychoanalysis, he pursued innovative theoretical activities, such as challenging the traditional Marxist monistic "base-superstructure" theory and creating new concepts for the theory of the state and ideology that Marx lacked. Around 1967, he began to criticize his own philosophical position as being too theory-oriented, while bringing to the fore the perspective of class struggle in theory. As an expression of this, his political practice was carried out from within the French Communist Party as a criticism of the party's abandonment of the concept of the dictatorship of the proletariat and of the party's revolutionary strategy and organizational principles.

His major works include "The Resurrection of Marx" (1965), "Reading Das Kapital" (1965), "Philosophical Lectures for Scientists" (1967), "State and Ideology" (1970), "Self-Critique" (1974), and "What Should Not Continue Anymore in the Communist Party" (1978).

[Maio Abiko May 19, 2015]

"Resurrecting Marx, I and II, translated by Kono Kenji and Tamura Hajime (1968, Jinbun Shoin) " "Reading Capital, by L. Althusser et al., translated by Kwon Ning and Kobe Yoshihiko (1974, Godo Shuppan/translated by Imamura Hitoshi, 3 volumes, Chikuma Gakugei Bunko)"

[References] | Das Kapital | Epistemological Break | Bachelard | Marxism

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

マルクス主義の現代的活性化を試みたフランスの哲学者。アルジェリアに生まれ、パリのエコール・ノルマル・シュペリュール(高等師範学校)でバシュラールに就いてヘーゲル哲学を研究し、のち母校で哲学を講じる。マルクス主義における科学と哲学との関連の固有な構造を検出することが、彼の学問的営為の基礎をなす。マルクスの思想を初期の人間論、疎外論に還元することを拒否して、その思想の特質がイデオロギーからの「認識論的切断」にあることを力説し、また他方、マルクスの主著『資本論』を単なる経済的機構分析の書として読む傾向に反対して、それを資本制的生産様式の構造論、社会諸階級の対抗の書として読むことの必要性を強調している。精神分析学から援用した「重層的決定」surdétermination、または「構造的因果性」causalité structuraleという鍵(かぎ)概念に基づき、従来のマルクス主義の一元的「土台‐上部構造」論への異議申し立て、マルクスに欠如していた国家論、イデオロギー論の新たなる構想など、斬新(ざんしん)な理論活動を進める。1967年ごろより自らの哲学的立場をテオリー(理論)偏重だと自己批判しつつ、理論における階級闘争の視座を前面に押し出してくる。その一表現として、彼の政治的実践は、フランス共産党内部から、同党のプロレタリア独裁概念の放棄、同党の革命戦略、組織原則に対する批判として展開される。

 主著に『甦(よみがえ)るマルクス』(1965)、『資本論を読む』(1965)、『科学者のための哲学講義』(1967)、『国家とイデオロギー』(1970)、『自己批判』(1974)、『共産党内でこれ以上続いてはならないこと』(1978)がある。

[安孫子誠男 2015年5月19日]

『河野健二・田村俶訳『甦るマルクス』Ⅰ・Ⅱ(1968・人文書院)』『L・アルチュセール他著、権寧・神戸仁彦訳『資本論を読む』(1974・合同出版/今村仁司訳・全3冊・ちくま学芸文庫)』

[参照項目] | 資本論 | 認識論的断絶 | バシュラール | マルクス主義

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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