Originally, it referred to the ancient Roman government position of "Triumvirate." By extension, it refers to a monopoly on power between three powerful political figures. There are two famous triumvirates in Roman history. [Tadanori Yoshimura] FirstIn 60 BC, three powerful men, Pompey, Caesar, and Crassus, formed the Council of Governors, with a secret pact not to do anything that would go against the interests of any of them in politics, in opposition to the Senate, which was centered on the factions of the ruling families. The power of Caesar, who became consul the following year, the authority of Pompey in the political world, and the wealth of Crassus made it possible for them to monopolize the government. This union was reaffirmed at the so-called "Conference of Luke" in 56 BC, but was dissolved when Crassus was killed in battle in the East in 53 BC. Pompey and Caesar eventually fought in a civil war, with the latter winning and establishing a dictatorship. [Tadanori Yoshimura] SecondAfter Caesar was assassinated in 44 BC, his adopted son Octavian (Augustus), his generals Antony and Lepidus were appointed as Triumviri rei publicae constituendae (three constituencies for the restoration of the state) for a five-year term by the Titius Law in November 43 BC, forming a second triumvirate. The following year, the three cooperated to defeat Caesar's assassins at the Battle of Philippi and severely expelled their followers. Their position was extended for another five years in the spring of 37 BC, but Lepidus was eventually expelled (36 BC), and in 31 BC, Antony, who was allied with Cleopatra, and Octavian fought at Actium, where the latter won and established the empire. [Tadanori Yoshimura] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
元来は古代ローマの官職「三人委員」をさす。転じて3人の政界有力者が結んで政権を独占することをいう。ローマ史上では、二つの三頭政治が有名である。 [吉村忠典] 第一次紀元前60年にポンペイウス、カエサル、クラッススの3有力者が、閥族を中心とする元老院に対抗して、政治上その三者いずれの利害に反することも行わないことを密約して結成。翌年コンスル(統領)に就任したカエサルの権力と、政界におけるポンペイウスの権威と、クラッススの富がこの政権独占を可能にした。この結合は前56年のいわゆる「ルカの会談」で再確認されたが、前53年にクラッススが東方で戦死したため解消し、やがてポンペイウスとカエサルが内乱で戦い、後者が勝利を得て独裁政を樹立した。 [吉村忠典] 第二次前44年にカエサルが暗殺されたのち、その養子オクタウィアヌス(アウグストゥス)と遺将アントニウスおよびレピドゥスの三者は、前43年11月にティティウス法によって任期5年の「国家再建のための三人委員」Triumviri rei publicae constituendaeに任命され、二度目の三頭政治を行った。翌年三者は協力してカエサル暗殺者をフィリッピPhilippiの戦いで破り、その一派を厳しく追放した。三者の地位は前37年春さらに5年延長されたが、やがてレピドゥスが排除され(前36)、前31年には、クレオパトラと結ぶアントニウスとオクタウィアヌスはアクティウムで戦い、後者が勝利を得て帝政樹立に至った。 [吉村忠典] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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