Theatre of Cruelty (zankokuengeki)

Japanese: 残酷演劇 - ざんこくえんげき(英語表記)théâtre de la cruauté
Theatre of Cruelty (zankokuengeki)
A theatrical philosophy advocated by French poet and director A. Artaud. He wrote "First Manifesto of the Theatre of Cruelty" and "Letter on Cruelty" in 1932, and "Second Manifesto of the Theatre of Cruelty" in 1933, and attempted to establish the "Company for the Theatre of Cruelty Limited". In 1935, in order to realize his philosophy, he staged a revised version of Shelley's "The Chen-chis", and despite its failure, he published a short essay in poetic form entitled "The Theatre of Cruelty" (1948) in his later years. Artaud argued that (1) cruelty is the cruelty of the universe that surrounds humans, the fundamental evil of all existence and the struggle against the desire for life, and does not necessarily involve sadism or bloodshed. If it is staged, it is as a means of expression. (2) The means of expression should not rely on logical language that appeals to the intellect, but should be something that directly appeals to the mind and body of the audience to shake them up and break them out of their everyday lives. Artaud's ideas were inherited by J.-L. Barraud and R. Brun, and since the 1960s have had a major influence on directors such as the American Living Theatre, Polish director J. Grotowski, and British director P. Brook.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
フランスの詩人で演出家の A.アルトーによって主張された演劇理念。彼は 1932年『残酷の演劇第一宣言』『残酷についての手紙』,33年『残酷の演劇第二宣言』を書き,「残酷演劇有限会社」の設立を企てた。 35年その理念実現のため,シェリー原作の『チェンチー族』を改作上演し,その失敗にもかかわらず晩年にも『残酷の演劇』 (1948) と題する詩形式の小論を発表した。アルトーは (1) 残酷とは人間を取巻く宇宙の残酷さ,諸存在の根源的な悪と生命の欲望との戦いのことで,必ずしもサディズムや流血によるものではない。もしそれらが舞台化されるとしても表現の一手段としてである。 (2) 表現手段は,知性に訴える論理的な言語に頼るのではなく,観客の心身に直接訴える表現手段を動員して観客を動揺させ,日常性から脱却させるものでなければならない,と主張した。このアルトーの主張は,J.-L.バローや R.ブランに受継がれ,また 1960年代以降,アメリカのリビング・シアターやポーランドの演出家 J.グロトフスキ,イギリスの P.ブルックらの演出家に大きな影響を残している。

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