The calendar used in ancient Egypt. In the early days when calendar systems were created all over the world, most of them are thought to have been lunar calendars, but Egypt was the only one that used a solar calendar. At first, a year had 12 months, 30 days per month, and 360 days per year, but from around the 20th century BC, a 365-day floating year (the beginning of the year moved every year) was adopted, and a solar calendar was adopted in which 12 months of 30 days each had 5 extra days added to the end. This was then divided into three seasons, flood, sowing, and harvest, each of which was 4 months long. In Egypt, the Nile River flooded at a certain time when Sirius (alpha Canis Major) rose in the eastern sky just before sunrise, which had a significant impact on agriculture and life. Therefore, in order to predict the appearance of Sirius just before sunrise, the 365.25 days of a year were known, and the day of Sirius' appearance was designated New Year's Day. This year is called the Sirian year. However, in the Egyptian calendar, the year is a floating year, so the seasons gradually shift. 1461 calendar year is equal to 1460 Sirian years, and the seasons return to normal in 1461 floating years. This cycle is called the Sirian cycle. In 238 BC, Ptolemy III (reigned 246-221 BC) issued a decree to add one day to the end of the year every four years, but this was not actually carried out. The Coptic calendar, used by the Copts, the descendants of ancient Egyptians, is the same solar calendar as Egypt, and was also used in Ethiopia. [Toshio Watanabe] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
古代エジプトで行われた暦。世界各地で暦法が発生した初期の時代、その多くが太陰暦法であったと考えられるが、ひとりエジプトでは太陽暦法であった。初めは1年を12か月、1か月を30日、1年を360日としたが、紀元前20世紀ごろから365日の移動年(年始が年ごとに移動する)とし、30日ずつの月12か月に5日の余日を最後に付加する太陽暦法であった。そしてこれを洪水、種蒔(たねまき)、収穫の3季に分け、各季を4か月とした。 エジプトではシリウス(おおいぬ座α(アルファ)星)が日の出の直前に東天に昇るころの一定時期に、ナイル川が氾濫(はんらん)し、農業や生活に重大な影響を与えた。そのためシリウスの日の出直前の出現を予知する必要から1年365.25日を知り、シリウスの出現の日は元日とされた。この1年をシリウス年とよぶ。しかしエジプト暦では、年は移動年であるから、季節はしだいにずれていく。1461暦年は1460シリウス年に等しく、季節は1461移動年で元に戻る。この周期をシリウス周期とよぶ。前238年にプトレマイオス3世(在位前246~前221)は4年ごとに1日を歳末に加えるよう法令を出したが、実際には行われなかった。古代エジプト人の子孫であるコプト人の間で使用されたコプト暦は、エジプトと同じ太陽暦で、エチオピアでも用いられた。 [渡辺敏夫] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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