Algol - Algol (English spelling)

Japanese: アルゴル - あるごる(英語表記)Algol
Algol - Algol (English spelling)

The proper name of the star Beta in the constellation Perseus. It is a famous eclipsing variable, and the representative star of the Algol-type eclipsing variable stars. The name comes from the Arabic Al-Ghūl (Devil). It is the brightest star on the neck of the demon Medusa (one of the three Gorgon sisters) held in the left hand of the warrior Perseus. As it is called the "Devil's Star" in mythology, it seems that the variability of this star has been known since ancient times, but Geminiano Montanari (1633-1687) of Italy clearly described its variability (1667), and John Goodricke (1764-1786) of England found that the variability was periodic and gave an accurate period of variation (1782). It was the first eclipsing binary star to be discovered.

Its celestial position in 2000 was 3 hours 8 minutes 10 seconds right ascension and +40 degrees 57.3 minutes declination. It reaches its zenith every year at midnight around November 10th. Its parallax is 35.1 arc milliseconds and its distance from Earth is 93 light years. Its proper motion is 2.8 arc milliseconds/year and its radial velocity is +3.7 kilometers/second. Its apparent magnitude is 2.12 when both stars are visible, 3.39 when the companion star is at its primary minimum, when it obscures the companion star, and 2.19 when it is at its secondary minimum, when it obscures the companion star, with a period of 2.867 days. The bright primary star, Algol A, is of spectral type B8Ⅴ, with a mass 3.7 times that of the Sun, a radius 2.9 times larger, and a surface temperature of 13,000 K (Kelvin). The companion star Algol B orbiting the main star is of spectral type K2IV, with a surface temperature of 4500K, a mass 0.81 times that of the Sun, and a radius 3.5 times that of the Sun, bulging to the critical Roche lobe (the gravitational sphere of each of the two stars that make up the binary). It is a semi-separated binary system (one of the two stars that make up the binary system bulges to the critical Roche lobe, and the companion star is usually observed bulging). The companion star orbits the center of the main star at a distance of 9.84 million kilometers. The orbital inclination (the tilt of the orbital axis as seen from Earth) is 81.4 degrees. The two stars are only 20% different in size, but their masses are more than four times different, and the companion star is a subgiant star that is more evolved than the main sequence main star, but its mass is lighter than the main star. This contradicts the theory of stellar evolution, which states that heavier stars evolve faster, and was called the "Algol Paradox." This is interpreted as a reversal of mass, as the current companion star was once massive and evolved and expanded quickly, and the mass that overflowed from the critical Roche lobe flowed into the current main star, which was once small in mass. Observations have shown that there is a gas flow from the companion star to the main star, and mass is flowing into the main star, forming an accretion disk of the inflowing gas (a gas disk formed around a star when gas flows in from the companion star or from the surrounding area and accretes onto the star) around the main star.

Algol emits radio waves, with an intensity of 0.01-0.05 Jy (Jansky, 1 Jy = 10 -26 Wm -2 Hz -1 ) when quiet, and 0.34-1 Jy when active. Radio waves come from the corona above the companion star's high latitudes (north and south poles), and radio wave flares also occur. X-rays have also been observed, with the brightness of soft X-rays (X-rays with low penetrating power and wavelengths of a few angstroms or more) being about (1.4-2) x 10 24 Js -1 when bright. X-rays also come from the corona above the companion star's high latitudes, and strong X-ray flares have also been observed. Observations by the X-ray observation satellite Chandra have revealed that there is a much greater amount of nitrogen in the corona than carbon. This suggests that the companion star may have undergone nuclear reactions of the CNO cycle of hydrogen in the past.

Algol is actually a triple star system, with a fifth magnitude third star, Algol C, orbiting Algol A and B with a period of 1.86 years. Algol C has a mass about 1.5 times that of the Sun and a spectral type of F1. Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.23, a semimajor axis of 2.7 AU, and an inclination of 84 degrees.

[Atsuo Yamazaki]

"Star Tales: From 10 Billion Light Years Away" by Patrick Moore, translated by Akira Okazaki and Kazuo Yoshioka (1992, Maruzen)

[References] | Nuclear reactions | Stars | Main sequence stars | Eclipses | Perseus | Variable stars | Binary stars
Perseus
©Akira Fujii ">

Perseus


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ペルセウス座のβ(ベータ)星の固有名。有名な食変光星で、アルゴル型食変光星の代表星。名前はアラビア語のアル・グールAl-Ghūl(悪魔)に由来。勇士ペルセウスが左手に持つ悪魔メドゥーサ(ゴルゴン三姉妹の一人)の首にあたる部分にある、もっとも明るい恒星。神話で「悪魔の星」といわれるように、この星が変光することは古くから知られていたようであるが、イタリアのモンタナリGeminiano Montanari(1633―1687)は変光を明確に記述し(1667)、イギリスのグドリックJohn Goodricke(1764―1786)は変光が周期的であることをみいだし正確な変光周期を与えた(1782)。最初に発見された食連星。

 2000年の天球上の位置は赤経3時08分10秒、赤緯プラス40度57.3分。毎年11月10日ごろ真夜中に南中する。視差は35.1ミリ秒角で地球からの距離は93光年。固有運動は2.8ミリ秒角/年、視線速度はプラス3.7キロメートル/秒。実視等級は、二つの星がともに見えているとき2.12等、伴星が主星を隠す主極小のとき3.39等、主星が伴星を隠す副極小のとき2.19等と周期2.867日で変光する。明るい主星アルゴルAは、スペクトル型B8Ⅴで、質量は太陽の3.7倍、半径は2.9倍、表面温度は1万3000K(ケルビン)。この主星の周りを回る伴星アルゴルBは、スペクトル型K2Ⅳ、表面温度は4500K、質量は太陽の0.81倍、半径は3.5倍で臨界ロッシュローブ(連星をつくる二つの星のそれぞれの重力圏)いっぱいに膨れている。半分離系(連星をつくる二つの星の一方が臨界ロッシュローブまで膨れているもので、普通は伴星が膨れているのが観測される)の連星。伴星は主星の中心から984万キロメートル離れて公転している。軌道傾斜角(地球から見た公転軸の傾き)は81.4度。二つの星の大きさは2割しか違わないのに質量は4倍以上違うことや、伴星は準巨星で主系列星の主星より進化しているのに質量は主星より軽いということは、質量が重い星ほど早く進化するという星の進化理論に矛盾しているというので「アルゴル・パラドックス」とよばれた。これは、現在の伴星はかつては大質量で早く進化して膨張し、臨界ロッシュローブからあふれた質量がかつては小質量であった現在の主星に流れ込んだ結果、質量が逆転したと解釈されている。観測によれば、伴星から主星へガス流があり質量は主星へ流入しており、主星の周りには流入したガスの降着円盤(相手の星または周囲からガスが流れ込んで星に降着するときに、星の周りに形成されるガス円盤)ができている。

 アルゴルは電波を放っており、その強さは静かなときは0.01~0.05Jy(ジャンスキー。1Jy=10-26Wm-2Hz-1)で、活動の激しいときには0.34~1Jyに及ぶ。電波は伴星の高緯度地域(北極・南極)の上空のコロナから出ており、電波のフレアもおこっている。またX線も観測されており、軟X線(波長が数オングストローム以上の透過能の小さいX線)の明るさは、明るいときで(1.4~2)×1024Js-1程度である。X線も伴星の高緯度地域の上空のコロナから出ており、強いX線フレアも観測されている。X線観測衛星「チャンドラ」の観測から、コロナでの窒素が炭素に比べて非常に多いことがわかった。これは伴星で過去に水素のCNOサイクルの原子核反応が行われていたことを示唆している。

 アルゴルは実は三重連星で、5等星の第三の星アルゴルCが周期1.86年でアルゴルA、Bの周りを回っている。アルゴルCの質量は太陽の1.5倍ぐらいで、スペクトル型はF1。軌道は離心率が0.23、長半径が2.7天文単位、軌道傾斜角は84度である。

[山崎篤磨]

『パトリック・ムーア著、岡崎彰・吉岡一男訳『星・物語――100億光年のかなたから』(1992・丸善)』

[参照項目] | 原子核反応 | 恒星 | 主系列星 | | ペルセウス座 | 変光星 | 連星
ペルセウス座
©藤井 旭">

ペルセウス座


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