Saponin (English spelling)

Japanese: サポニン - さぽにん(英語表記)saponin
Saponin (English spelling)

A general term for glycosides (complexes of sugars and carbohydrates) found widely in plants, in which the carbohydrate portion is made of a polycyclic compound that does not contain nitrogen. Its aqueous solution easily foams, forms a colloidal solution, and shows various strong physiological activities, especially in animals. The peel of the soapberry contains saponin, and has long been used as a substitute for soap, taking advantage of its tendency to foam.

The most well-known sugar moieties are D-glucose, D-galactose, and L-arabinose, but methylpentose, uronic acid, and deoxysugars are also found. The non-sugar moieties (aglycones) are called sapogenins, and are divided into triterpenoids and steroids. Triterpenoid saponins are extracted from senega root (the root of the perennial Senega plant of the Polygalaceae family native to North America), bellflower root, licorice (a perennial plant of the Fabaceae family native to northern China), and quillaja bark (the bark of the evergreen Quillaja tree of the Rosaceae family distributed in South America after the cork layer has been removed), and glycyrrhizin, found in the roots and stems of licorice, is one example. The clear pharmacological action of triterpenoid saponins as herbal medicines remains to be determined in future research. Steroid saponins are obtained from plants of the Liliaceae, Dioscoreaceae, and Scrophulariaceae families, and include sarsa saponin from sarsa root (the root of several deciduous shrubs of the genus Scrophulariaceae native to tropical America) and digitonin from the leaves of digitalis (Scrophulariaceae). Steroid saponins have been used as herbal medicines since ancient times because of their strong physiological activities such as cardiotonic and diuretic effects. They act like surfactants on cells, destroying the structure of cell membranes and increasing the permeability of substances. They also form poorly soluble molecular compounds with steroids, alcohol, phenol, etc. It is thought that saponins have a hemolytic effect because cholesterol in red blood cell membranes strongly binds to saponins, destroying the membrane structure.

[Kikuchi Takahiko]

[References] | Digitalis | Digitonin | Herbal medicine | Glycosides

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

植物に広く存在する配糖体(糖類と炭水化物の複合体)で、炭水化物の部分が窒素を含まない多環式化合物からできているものの総称。水溶液は泡立ちやすく、コロイド溶液をつくり、とくに動物に対して種々の強い生理活性を示す。ムクロジの果皮にはサポニンが含まれ、泡立ちやすいことを利用して古くからせっけんのかわりに使われていた。

 糖部分は、D-グルコース、D-ガラクトース、L-アラビノースがよく知られており、メチルペントース、ウロン酸、デオキシ糖などの場合もみられる。非糖部分(アグリコン)はサポゲニンとよばれ、トリテルペノイドのものと、ステロイドのものとに二分される。トリテルペノイドサポニンは、セネガ根(北アメリカ原産ヒメハギ科の多年草セネガの根)、キキョウ根、甘草(かんぞう)(中国北部に自生するマメ科の多年草)、キラヤ皮(南アメリカに分布するバラ科の常緑高木キラヤのコルク層を除去した樹皮)などから抽出され、甘草の根や茎にあるグリシリジンはその一例である。生薬(しょうやく)としてのトリテルペノイドサポニンの明確な薬理作用は今後の研究にかかっている。ステロイドサポニンはユリ科、ヤマノイモ科、ゴマノハグサ科の植物から得られ、サルサ根(熱帯アメリカ原産のユリ科サルトリイバラ属の落葉低木数種の根)のサルササポニン、ジギタリス(ゴマノハグサ科)の葉からとれるジギトニンなどがある。ステロイドサポニンは、強心作用、利尿作用など強い生理活性を示すため、古くから生薬として使われてきた。細胞に対しては表面活性剤のような作用をし、細胞膜の構造を破壊したり、物質の透過性を高めたりする。また、ステロイド、アルコール、フェノールなどとは難溶性の分子化合物を形成する。サポニンに溶血作用があるのは、赤血球膜中のコレステロールがサポニンと強く結合し、膜構造が壊されてしまうためと考えられる。

[菊池韶彦]

[参照項目] | ジギタリス | ジギトニン | 生薬 | 配糖体

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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