San`ā' (English spelling)

Japanese: サヌア（英語表記）San`ā'

The capital of Yemen. It is located on the western foot of Mount Nukum, at an altitude of 2,350 m, on both sides of a dry river (wadi). It was the political, economic and religious center of the Yemeni highlands for centuries. It was located on the site of the Ghumdan fort, which is said to date back to the 1st century, and was the capital of the Himyar Kingdom from the beginning of the 4th century and the Abhādh dynasty of Ethiopia from the 6th century. In 632, Muhammad's son-in-law Ali converted to Islam and it became its regional center. From 1516 it was nominally under the sovereignty of the Ottoman Empire, but from the 17th to 19th centuries it was under the effective rule of the Imams. From 1872, the Ottoman Empire's control was strengthened, and there were intermittent conflicts with the Imams, and the Imams' autonomy was finally recognized by a treaty in 1913. After World War I, it became the capital of the independent Kingdom of Yemen, then temporarily ceded its title to Taiz, but in 1962, it became the capital again when the Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen) was established, and since the unification of North and South Yemen in 1990, it has been the capital of the country. The city is surrounded by walls, roughly shaped like a figure eight, with the seven-story Republic Palace at the center where the two circles intersect. The old town, where the main old market and most of the more than 40 mosques are located, is in the eastern district, and was registered as a World Heritage Site in 1986. The western district is relatively new, and the Jewish district was located outside the walls. Traditional gold and silver crafts and embroidery were popular in the Jewish district, but most of the Jewish people emigrated to Israel in 1949-50, which dealt a major blow to handicrafts. A modern highway has been built, and an international airport is located 20 km west of the city. Population: 2,022,867 (2009).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

イエメンの首都。ヌクム山の西麓，標高 2350mの高地で，涸れ川 (ワディ) の両岸に位置する。数世紀にわたってイエメン高地の政治，経済，宗教の中心地。1世紀にさかのぼるとされるグムダーン砦の地を占め，4世紀初めからヒムヤル王国，6世紀からエチオピアのアブハラ朝のそれぞれの首都であった。 632年，ムハンマドの女婿アリーによってイスラムに改宗，その地方的中心となる。 1516年からオスマン帝国の名目上の主権下にあったが，17～19世紀はイマームの実質的支配に服した。 1872年からオスマン帝国の支配が強化され，イマームとの抗争が断続し，1913年の条約でようやくイマームの自主が認められた。第1次世界大戦後，独立したイエメン王国の首都となり，一時その座をタイズに譲ったが，1962年のイエメン＝アラブ共和国 (北イエメン) 成立とともに再び首都となり，1990年の南北イエメン統合以来，同国の首都。市は城壁に囲まれ，ほぼ8の字形を呈し，両円の交わる中央に7階建ての共和国宮殿がある。おもな古い市場や，40以上に上るモスクの大部分が集まる旧市街は東地区にあり，1986年世界遺産の文化遺産に登録。西地区は比較的新しい町で，その城壁の外にユダヤ人地区があった。ユダヤ人地区では伝統的な金銀細工，刺繍などが盛んであったが，1949～50年にはほとんどがイスラエルに移住し，手工芸に大きな打撃となった。近代的なハイウェーが建設され，市の西方 20kmには国際空港がある。人口 202万2867（2009）。

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