Satyāgraha - Satyāgraha (English spelling)

Japanese: サティヤーグラハ - さてぃやーぐらは(英語表記)Satyāgraha
Satyāgraha - Satyāgraha (English spelling)

The name given to the form of movement that Gandhi, the leader of the Indian nationalist movement, created through the struggle for civil rights of Indian indentured workers in South Africa from 1894 to 1914. This name is used to refer to the two subsequent mass anti-imperialist struggles he led in India. It is a compound word of the two words Satya (truth) and Agraha (grasp, assertion). It is generally called the "civil non-obedience" movement, but is translated as the "non-violent resistance" movement based on its content. This movement, which specifically included hartals (a complete shutdown of shops, factories, etc.) and non-cooperation with administrative work under British rule, is in line with the "passive resistance" created by nationalist leaders such as Tilak, Pearl, and Lajpat Rai in the early 20th century, but Gandhi gave it a deeper ideological meaning. According to him, it is passive resistance by an individual or a group of people, but by seeking hardship, one appeals to the conscience of the other person (enemy) and tries to bring about a change in his heart. He also says that it is a way to eliminate social and political difficulties through the power of the soul based on absolute faith in truth and non-violence.

In the course of the Indian nationalist movement, he led mass movements by this name twice: from 1919 to 1922 after the First World War, and from 1930 to 1934, when India was also caught up in the Great Depression. He rallied people of all classes and strata throughout India, including peasants, into the anti-British movement. In that sense, he is of great significance in the history of the Indian anti-imperialist struggle. However, in both cases, Gandhi's own metaphysical framework of "non-violence" was considered absolute, and when the mass movement developed outside of that framework, he himself issued an order to halt it, hindering the movement's wider development. However, it is noteworthy that peasants and workers continued to use the term Satyagraha even after that, often to refer to movements that raised their own class demands.

[Masao Naito]

[References] | Gandhi

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

インド民族運動指導者ガンディーが、1894年から1914年までの南アフリカにおけるインド人年季雇用労働者の公民権獲得闘争を通じて生み出した運動形態に対して与えられた名称。それ以後のインドでの2度にわたる彼の指導による大衆的反帝闘争がこの名でよばれる。サティヤ(真理)とアーグラハ(把握、主張)の二語の合成語。一般に「市民的非服従」運動とも称されるが、内容をとって「非暴力抵抗」闘争との訳が与えられる。ハルタール(店舗や工場などの全面的作業停止)やイギリス支配の行政業務への非協力などを具体的内容とするこの運動は、20世紀初頭にティラク、パール、ラージパト・ラーイら民族派指導者の生み出した「受動的抵抗」の線上にあるが、ガンディーはこれにいっそう深い思想的意味を与えた。彼によれば、それは個人あるいはあるグループの人々による受動的抵抗であるが、自ら苦難を求めることで相手(敵)の良心に訴えかけ、その心に変化をもたらそうとするものであり、それはまた、真理と非暴力への絶対的信頼に基づく魂の力によって、社会的、政治的困難を排除する方法であるという。

 インド民族運動の過程では、第一次世界大戦後の1919~22年と、インドも世界恐慌に巻き込まれた時期の1930~34年の二度、彼はこの名でよばれる大衆運動を指導し、農民を含め、インド全域に及ぶあらゆる階級、階層の人々を反英運動へと糾合した。その意味でインドの反帝国主義闘争史上に大きな意義をもつ。しかし、いずれの場合もガンディー自身の形而上(けいじじょう)学的な「非暴力」理念の枠組みが絶対視され、その枠外へ大衆運動が発展していくのに対して彼自らの口から停止命令が出され、運動のより広い展開を阻害した。ただ農民、労働者たちは、それ以後もしばしば自らの階級的要求を掲げた運動に対しても、このサティヤーグラハという呼称を用い続けたことは注目される。

[内藤雅雄]

[参照項目] | ガンディー

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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