Fungicide - Sakkinzai

Japanese: 殺菌剤 - さっきんざい
Fungicide - Sakkinzai

A drug that has the effect of destroying or inhibiting the growth of pathogenic microorganisms. Generally, when used for medical purposes with the primary purpose of preventing infection, it is often called a disinfectant.

[Editorial Department]

Fungicides as pesticides

A chemical used to prevent or control agricultural crops (including trees and agricultural and forestry products) from disease. The pathogens that cause disease in agricultural crops are mainly viruses, bacteria, and fungi, but fungi are the most important pathogens for protecting agricultural crops, and so they are called fungicides. Some fungicides have a protective effect on agricultural crops even without a direct bactericidal effect against pathogens, and such fungicides are called non-bactericidal fungicides, infection control agents, or bacteriostatic agents.

Historically, inorganic compounds were the first to be used as fungicides. The oldest fungicide was sulfur, which was apparently used in ancient Greece before the Common Era to prevent disease. Even today, sulfur and lime are mixed together to form lime-sulfur mixtures (discovered by Grison in France in 1851). Lime-sulfur mixtures were the first pesticides to be manufactured in Japan around 1917 (Taisho 6). In the second half of the 18th century, it became known that copper sulfate had a bactericidal effect, and in 1882 Pierre-Marie-Alexis Millardet (1838-1902) of the University of Bordeaux in France discovered that a mixture of copper sulfate and quicklime (calcium oxide CaO) (Bordeaux mixture) reduced the damage caused by the chemicals to grapes and was highly effective against grape downy mildew. This Bordeaux mixture is still used in countries around the world today.

In Japan, a mixture of sulfur and pine resin was apparently used to disinfect the ends of trees in the 15th century. In the 19th century, wood ash (also read as "mokkai") and wood lye were used to disinfect wheat seeds. In the 20th century, research into organic synthetic pesticides became more active, and in the early stages, the organic mercury fungicide methoxyethylmercuric chloride was introduced as a seed fungicide in 1934 (Showa 9), and in 1937, phenylmercuric acetate, which was highly effective in controlling rice blast, a major rice disease, was synthesized for the first time in Japan. However, concerns arose about the effects of residual mercury on the human body, and its use was discontinued in 1968 (Showa 43). After that, organic arsenic fungicides and dithiocarbamate fungicides were developed, and to this day, a variety of fungicides have been developed that are not only highly effective but also aim to have less impact on humans, livestock, and the environment.

Depending on the timing of fungicide treatment, the method of spraying fungicides in advance to prevent crops from becoming infected with disease is called preventive treatment, its effect is called preventive effect, and fungicides used for that purpose are called preventive agents (protective agents). On the other hand, fungicides used to prevent the progression of disease after crops have been infected with disease are called curative agents, and their effect is called curative effect. Unlike animals, the therapeutic effect of fungicides on crops leaves wound tissue (traces of the disease) on the crops, and they do not fully recover.

Depending on the mechanism of action by which they interact with pathogenic targets, fungicides are classified into cell wall synthesis inhibitors, ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors and phospholipid biosynthesis inhibitors that inhibit the biosynthesis of lipids in the cell membrane, melanin biosynthesis inhibitors, electron transport chain inhibitors, cell division inhibitors (spindle fiber formation inhibitors), energy metabolism inhibitors, host resistance inducers, pyrimidine fungicides, etc.

[Tamura Hiroto]

[Reference items] | Energy metabolism inhibitors | Ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors | Cell division inhibitors | Cell wall synthesis inhibitors | Host resistance inducers | Bacteriostatic agents| Lime sulfur mixtures | Electron transport inhibitors | Pesticides | Pyrimidine fungicides | Bordeaux mixture | Melanin biosynthesis inhibitors | Phospholipid biosynthesis inhibitors

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

病原微生物を殺滅または生育阻止する効果をもつ薬剤。一般に、感染予防を主目的として医療用に使用する場合は消毒薬とよばれることが多い。

[編集部]

農薬としての殺菌剤

農作物(樹木および農林産物を含む)を病害から予防または防除するために用いる薬剤。農作物に病気を引き起こす病原は、おもにウイルス、細菌および糸状菌(菌類)であるが、農作物の保護には、菌類がもっとも重要な病原であるため、殺菌剤と称している。殺菌剤のなかには、病原菌に対し直接的な殺菌効果がなくとも農作物の保護効果を有するものがあり、このような殺菌剤を非殺菌性殺菌剤、感染制御剤または静菌剤と称する。

 歴史的には、無機化合物が最初に殺菌剤として使用された。もっとも古い殺菌剤は、硫黄(いおう)であり、紀元前から古代ギリシアで病害を防ぐために使用されていたようである。現在でも、硫黄と石灰を混合した石灰硫黄合剤(1851年フランスのグリソンGrisonにより発見)として使用されている。この石灰硫黄合剤は、日本で1917年(大正6)ごろに初めて工場生産された農薬である。18世紀後半には、硫酸銅に殺菌効果があることが知られるようになり、1882年フランスのボルドー大学のミラルデPierre-Marie-Alexis Millardet(1838―1902)が硫酸銅と生石灰(酸化カルシウムCaO)の混合物(ボルドー液)がブドウへの薬害を軽減し、ブドウべと病菌に卓効を示すことを発見した。このボルドー液は、現在でも世界各国で使用されている。

 日本では、15世紀に硫黄と松脂(まつやに)の混合物を木口の消毒に使用したようである。19世紀になると、麦の種子を消毒するために木灰(きばい)(「もっかい」とも読む)や木灰汁(もくあく)が利用された。20世紀になると、有機合成農薬に関する研究が盛んになり、その初期には、有機水銀殺菌剤の塩化メトキシエチル水銀が1934年(昭和9)に種子殺菌剤として導入され、1937年にイネの大病害であるいもち病防除に卓効を示す酢酸フェニル水銀が日本で初めて合成された。しかし、水銀の残留による人体への影響が懸念され、1968年(昭和43)にその使用は中止された。その後、有機ヒ素殺菌剤およびジチオカーバメート殺菌剤が開発され、現在まで、優れた効果のみならず、より人畜や環境に影響を及ぼさないことを指向して多様な殺菌剤が開発されている。

 殺菌剤の処理時期により、農作物が病害に感染しないようにあらかじめ殺菌剤を散布する方法を予防処理、その効果を予防効果、その目的で使用する殺菌剤を予防剤(保護剤)という。一方、農作物が病害に感染後、病気の進展を阻止するために使用する殺菌剤を治療剤、その効果を治療効果という。殺菌剤による農作物の治療効果は、動物とは異なり、農作物には癒傷(ゆしょう)組織(病気の痕跡(こんせき))が残り、完全に元どおりには回復しない。

 殺菌剤は、病原菌の標的との相互作用(作用機構)により、細胞壁合成阻害剤、細胞膜の脂質の生合成を阻害するエルゴステロール生合成阻害剤やリン脂質生合成阻害剤、メラニン生合成阻害剤、電子伝達系阻害剤、細胞分裂阻害剤(紡錘糸形成阻害剤)、エネルギー代謝阻害剤、宿主(しゅくしゅ)抵抗性誘導剤、ピリミジン系殺菌剤などに分けられる。

[田村廣人]

[参照項目] | エネルギー代謝阻害剤 | エルゴステロール生合成阻害剤 | 細胞分裂阻害剤 | 細胞壁合成阻害剤 | 宿主抵抗性誘導剤 | 静菌剤 | 石灰硫黄合剤 | 電子伝達系阻害剤 | 農薬 | ピリミジン系殺菌剤 | ボルドー液 | メラニン生合成阻害剤 | リン脂質生合成阻害剤

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Germicidal lamp - Sakkinto (English spelling)

>>:  Bacteria - Zakkin

Recommend

Green pellet

…Iron ore pellets are made by adding a small amou...

Shakya tribe (English spelling) Śākya

An ancient tribe in North India known as the birth...

British Rosicrucian Society - The Great Britain

...The Rosicrucian movement at the end of the 19t...

Shachihokoga (English spelling) the lobster moth

A general term for insects of the Lepidoptera ord...

Imikura

〘Noun〙 In the pre-Taika period, a storehouse was u...

Carval Town - Carval Town

...Of these, 22 cities have populations of over 1...

Functional polymers - Yesterday's functional polymers

A polymer compound that exhibits special functions...

Gamma space

Please see the "Topological space" page...

Adachi clan

A descendant of Fujiwara no Uona, they were a powe...

bioethics

However, the fact that intellectual activity proc...

Alta Tama - Alta Tama

...The ruling Indo-Aryan tribes were called Mariy...

Onigajo (demon) - Onigajo

...The Izumo no Kuni Fudoki already contains a st...

Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin is a pigment protein found in large qu...

Artificial respiration - artificial respiration

This is a method of artificially ventilating a pa...

Water transport - Suiun

Transporting people and cargo by boat or raft usi...