Ise Province

One of the Tokaido provinces. The old name of the province is in the eastern part of Mie prefecture. The province's name comes from the name of the national deity Ise-tsuhiko. In ancient times, the province of Ise, the land of the divine wind, was also called the province where the waves of the eternal world come to rest, or the province of the beautiful neighboring province. It was located on the outskirts of the Yamato court and served as a gateway to the eastern provinces. Under the Ritsuryo system, it was a large province with 13 districts: Kuwana, Inabe, Asake, Mie, Suzuka, Kawa, Amue, Ano, Ichishi, Iidaka, Iino, Take, and Watarai. In the Middle Ages, Ano-gun was divided into two counties, Ando and Anzai. There were 94 districts under the district (Wamyo-sho). The provincial capital was in Kokufu-cho, Suzuka City, and the provincial temple was in Konbu-cho, Suzuka City, and travel to the capital took two days in the uphill direction and one day in the downhill direction. Ise Jingu (Naiku) was located in Uji-go, Watarai-gun (Ise City), and is said to have been established in the 25th year of the reign of Emperor Suinin. It is said that Geku was moved from Tamba (Kyoto Prefecture) to Nuki-go, Ise-gun (Ise City) during the reign of Emperor Yuryaku. The Saigū, who served the shrine, was usually in Taki-gun. The three counties of Watarai, Taki, and Iino were sacred districts under the control of Ise Grand Shrine and were called the Three Divine Counties. Later, the five counties of Inabe, Mie, Ano, Asaka, and Iitaka also became sacred districts, and together they were called the Eight Divine Counties. With the dissolution of the Ritsuryo system, many Mikuriya and Misono districts were established as Shinto territories, and manors such as Okuni-no-sho (Toji Temple territory), Kawai-sho (Toji Temple territory), and Sone-sho (Daigoji Temple territory) were also established. At the end of the 10th century, the Ise Heishi clan developed based in areas such as Anotsu, Kuwana, and Futtsu.

During the Genpei War in the 12th century, Ise continued to oppose the Minamoto clan as a base for the Taira clan. The Kamakura Shogunate appointed Yamauchi Sudou Tsunetoshi, Hiraga Tomomasa, and Ouchi Koreyoshi as shugo (military governors), and after Hojo Tokifusa, the Hojo clan monopolized the position. In addition, the names of Shimazu Tadahisa, Hatakeyama Shigetada, and Shibuya Sadashin can be seen as land stewards. From the end of the 13th century to the 14th century, local lords gained power and acted as villains, which caused the social system of Ise to become unstable. At this time, conflict between the Northern and Southern Courts arose, and Kitabatake Chikafusa, who supported the Southern Court, traveled to Ise together with Prince Munenaga, relying on the power of the shrine priests of the Southern Ise Grand Shrine, and confronted the Northern Court, focusing on Southern Ise. Even after the unification of the Northern and Southern Courts, the Kitabatake clan maintained their unique position as governors of Ise Province, and although they often clashed with the Muromachi Shogunate, they continued to rule Southern Ise until Oda Nobunaga captured their castle, Okochi Castle, in 1569 (Eiroku 12). In 1574 (Tensho 2), Nobunaga finally destroyed the Ikko Ikki rebels holed up in Nagashima with his third attack, and took control of the entire Ise Province. Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who succeeded Nobunaga, placed his nephew Hidetsugu in Nagashima Castle in northern Ise, Gamo Ujisato in Matsugashima in southern Ise, and Tomita Tomonobu in Ano-gun, eliminating Nobunaga's influence and conducting a land survey. The movement of feudal lords continued even under the Tokugawa government. Honda Tadakatsu entered the Kuwana domain in 1601 (Keicho 6), but the domain was frequently transferred, and the lord changed five times until the end of the Edo period. In contrast, the Tsu domain remained unchanged until the end of the Edo period after Todo Takatora entered the domain in 1608 (Keicho 13). In addition, there were the domains of Komono, Kobe, Nagashima, Kameyama, and Hisai, as well as the Tokugawa family territory of Kishu, and a magistrate was appointed to Yamada. In the Meiji era, the Ise Shrine territory became Watarai Prefecture, and each feudal domain became a prefecture. In 1871 (Meiji 4), Watarai Prefecture in southern Ise and Anotsu Prefecture in northern Ise (renamed Mie Prefecture the following year) were consolidated, and in 1876, the two prefectures merged to become Mie Prefecture, with the prefectural office located in Tsu. In the early modern period, Ise was known for its products such as Ise face powder, Ise katagami paper made from albino sheep, and Matsusaka cotton. In addition, Ise merchants, such as Mitsui, were active throughout the country, and Kadoya in Ominato was active overseas in the early modern period. The Japanese scholar Motoori Norinaga was from Matsusaka. Many people came to Ise on pilgrimages to Ise, which helped to spread the name of Ise throughout the country.

[Seijyuji Nishigaki]

"History of Mie Prefecture" by Seiji Nishigaki et al. (1974, Yamakawa Publishing)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

東海道の一国。三重県の東部にあたる旧国名。国名は国神(くにつかみ)の伊勢津彦(いせつひこ)の名による。古代では、神風の伊勢の国は常世(とこよ)の浪(なみ)の寄する国とも、傍国(かたくに)の可怜(うま)し国ともよばれ、大和(やまと)朝廷の外辺に位置し、かつ東国への窓口としての位置を占めていた。律令(りつりょう)制下では桑名(くわな)、員弁(いなべ)、朝明(あさけ)、三重(みえ)、鈴鹿(すずか)、河曲(かわわ)、奄芸(あむへ)、安濃(あの)、壱志(いちし)、飯高(いいだか)、飯野(いいの)、多気(たけ)、度会(わたらい)の13郡をもつ大国であった。なお、安濃郡は中世には安東、安西の2郡となった。郡の下の郷は94郷（『和名抄(わみょうしょう)』）を数えた。国府は鈴鹿市国府(こう)町に、国分寺は同市国分(こんぶ)町にあり、都への連絡は上り2日、下り1日とされた。度会郡宇治(うじ)郷（伊勢市）に伊勢神宮（内宮(ないくう)）があり、その鎮座は垂仁(すいにん)天皇25年のこととされる。外宮(げくう)は同郡沼木(ぬき)郷（伊勢市）に雄略(ゆうりゃく)天皇のときに丹波(たんば)（京都府）から遷(うつ)されたと伝えられる。神宮に奉仕した斎宮(さいくう)は平常は多気郡にいた。度会、多気、飯野の3郡は神郡(しんぐん)で伊勢神宮の支配下にあり、これを神三郡(じんさんぐん)とよんだ。のち員弁、三重、安濃、朝明、飯高の5郡も神郡となり、あわせて神八郡(じんはちぐん)とよばれた。律令制の解体とともに多くの神宮領の御厨(みくりや)・御園(みその)が成立し、また大国荘(おおくにのしょう)（東寺領）、川合(かわい)荘（東寺領）、曽禰(そね)荘（醍醐(だいご)寺領）などの荘園が成立した。10世紀の末には伊勢平氏が安濃津、桑名、富津などの地を根拠に発展した。

　12世紀の源平の争乱にあたっては、平家側の拠点として源氏への対抗が続いた。鎌倉幕府は守護に山内首藤経俊(やまうちすどうつねとし)、平賀朝雅(ひらがともまさ)、大内惟義(これよし)らを任じ、北条時房(ときふさ)以後は北条氏の一門がその地位を独占した。また地頭には島津忠久、畠山重忠(はたけやましげただ)、渋谷定心らの名前をみることができる。13世紀末から14世紀にかけ在地領主は力を蓄え悪党として活動し、伊勢の社会体制も揺らいだ。こうしたときに南北両朝の対立が起こり、南伊勢の神宮の祠官(しかん)の勢力を頼んで南朝側の北畠親房(きたばたけちかふさ)は宗良(むねなが)親王とともに伊勢に下向し、南伊勢を中心に北朝側と対立した。南北両朝の合一後も北畠氏は伊勢国司として独自の地位を保ち、しばしば室町幕府と対立しながらも、1569年（永禄12）に織田信長に居城大河内(おおこうち)城を攻め落とされるまで、南伊勢を中心にその支配を続けた。信長は1574年（天正2）、長島(ながしま)にこもる一向一揆(いっこういっき)を三度目の攻撃でようやく滅ぼし、伊勢国全体を手中に収めた。信長の跡を襲った豊臣(とよとみ)秀吉は北伊勢の長島城に甥(おい)秀次(ひでつぐ)、南伊勢松ヶ島に蒲生氏郷(がもううじさと)、安濃郡に富田知信(とみたとものぶ)を配し、信長色を一掃し、検地を実施した。大名の移動は徳川政権下も続いた。桑名藩には本多忠勝(ただかつ)が1601年（慶長6）に入ったが、移封がしばしばなされ、幕末まで藩主は5回変わった。これに対し津(つ)藩は1608年（慶長13）に藤堂高虎(とうどうたかとら)が入国して以来、幕末まで変わらなかった。このほか、菰野(こもの)、神戸(かんべ)、長島、亀山、久居(ひさい)の各藩と紀州徳川家領があり、山田には山田奉行(ぶぎょう)が置かれた。明治に入り神宮領が度会県に、各藩はそれぞれ県となり、1871年（明治4）に南伊勢の度会県と北伊勢の安濃津県（翌年三重県と改称）にまとめられ、1876年に両県は合併し三重県となり、県庁は津に置かれた。産物では近世に伊勢白粉(おしろい)、白子(しろこ)の伊勢型紙(かたがみ)、松坂木綿が知られていた。また三井に代表される伊勢商人の活動は全国に及び、近世初頭の大湊(おおみなと)の角屋(かどや)は海外に活躍した。国学者本居宣長(もとおりのりなが)は松坂の出身であった。伊勢参りで伊勢の地にきた人の数は多く、伊勢の名を全国に知らせることにもなった。

［西垣晴次］

『西垣晴次他著『三重県の歴史』（1974・山川出版社）』

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