A device that converts voltage to a required value. It is also called a transformer for short. Voltage conversion also means current conversion, and although a transformer may be used to convert current to a required value, in most cases the purpose is to convert voltage. Electricity can be broadly divided into AC and DC, but transformers are only for AC and cannot be used for DC. AC is used in the majority of power systems, while DC is only used in a few areas such as electric railways, because AC can be used with transformers. There is a limit to the amount of power that can be transported through a transmission line, and this limit is proportional to the square of the transmission voltage and inversely proportional to the transmission distance. In recent years, the main power plants in power systems have tended to be located farther away from areas of demand, making it necessary to transport large amounts of power through long transmission lines. For this reason, transmission voltages have gradually become higher, and in Japan, 500,000 volts is being used. However, such high voltages are inconvenient for factories and ordinary homes, so it is necessary to convert them to lower voltages, and for this purpose transformers are used. [Masami Okamura] principleThe principle will be explained using as an example a two-winding transformer with two coils wound around an iron core. The iron core acts as a path for magnetic flux. In the case of two coils, one is called the primary coil and the other the secondary coil. If an AC power source is connected to the primary coil, current will flow and an alternating magnetic flux will be generated in the iron core. This magnetic flux also links with the secondary coil and changes alternatingly according to the frequency of the AC current , generating a voltage in the secondary coil. If the number of turns in each coil is n1 and n2 , then the voltage V1 of the primary coil and the voltage V2 of the secondary coil have approximately the following relationship:
[Masami Okamura] structureHowever, this type of structure does not provide good magnetic coupling between the primary and secondary coils. In other words, it is desirable for all of the magnetic flux that links with the primary coil to also link with the secondary coil, but with this type of structure, there is an increase in magnetic flux that links with the primary coil but does not link with the secondary coil, and conversely, magnetic flux that links with the secondary coil but does not link with the primary coil. This type of magnetic flux is called leakage flux, and if it increases, the efficiency of the transformer decreases. For this reason, in practice, the coils are arranged to reduce leakage flux. Also, depending on the positional relationship between the iron core and the coil, there are core types and shell types. [Masami Okamura] Heat dissipation deviceDuring operation, a transformer generates heat due to Joule loss ( I2R ) caused by the resistance of the coil , hysteresis loss due to the alternating magnetic flux in the iron core, eddy current loss generated in the iron core and case, etc. If the heat is not dissipated sufficiently, the temperature will rise and accelerate the deterioration of the insulation, which is why a heat dissipation device is required. The most common type of transformer is the so-called oil-filled type, in which the iron core and coil are housed in an iron box filled with oil. There are also gas-cooled transformers, in which sulfur hexafluoride gas is sealed in a sealed tank and an internal fan circulates and cools the windings, and dry-type transformers, in which the iron core and coil are not housed in a case and are used in the air, but these are few in number. In the most commonly used oil-filled transformers, the oil is mineral oil refined from crude oil and is also called transformer oil. There are two functions of oil: one is as an insulating material and the other is as a cooling material. Therefore, it is desirable for the transformer oil to have high dielectric strength and low viscosity and high fluidity. The generated heat is transferred to the oil, and the heated oil causes convection. In the case of self-cooling, the outer casing of the transformer is made larger, and pleated or a heat sink is attached to increase the surface area of the outer casing to improve the cooling effect. In the air-cooled type, a fan blows air onto the radiator. In the water-cooled type, water-cooled pipes are placed in the oil and cooling water is passed through them. In the oil-feed type, heated oil is pumped out and cooled by natural cooling, air cooling, water cooling, etc. [Masami Okamura] Oil deterioration prevention deviceIn oil-filled transformers, the oil temperature changes due to load fluctuations and changes in the ambient temperature. This causes the oil volume to change, and if there is an opening in the tank, air will enter and exit. This is called breathing. When breathing occurs, moisture from the outside world is sucked in, and oxygen in the air reacts with the oil to produce insoluble sludge, which reduces the oil's dielectric strength and cooling ability and causes breakdowns. For this reason, various oil deterioration prevention devices are in practical use. The open type is a method in which a moisture absorber (silica gel) is placed at the breathing port to remove moisture from the air that is sucked in. The sealed type seals and seals nitrogen in the top of the conservator. Therefore, the nitrogen pressure changes with changes in oil temperature. The diaphragm type is a method in which a flexible oil-resistant rubber membrane inside the conservator blocks contact between the oil and the outside air. [Masami Okamura] Safety pipeOil-filled transformers are highly reliable equipment with a long history of use, but they have a safety tube on the top of the tank in case of insulation breakdown. If insulation breakdown occurs inside the tank and the oil pressure rises abnormally due to an arc, the oil is released from the safety tube before the tank is destroyed, reducing the oil pressure. Because the oil released from the safety tube may be very hot, some transformers are designed to be led to an underground tank to prevent it from coming into contact with air and catching fire or causing damage to other objects. [Masami Okamura] Iron coreAll power transformers have an iron core. The iron core is used to increase the efficiency of the transformer by making it easier to generate magnetic flux. The iron core used is called silicon steel sheet, which contains silicon, and thin sheets of about 0.3 mm are overlapped to reduce eddy current loss. The overlapping surfaces are also electrically insulated. The iron core of a large transformer is made of rectangular silicon steel sheets that form a closed magnetic circuit, but gaps at the butt joints of the silicon steel sheets can cause a decrease in efficiency, so they are assembled carefully. [Masami Okamura] Special TransformerAn autotransformer is a transformer with only one winding that can be made small and is widely used in television and radio receivers. Potential transformers are used to measure high voltages, and the original voltage is calculated from the transformation ratio when converted to low voltage. On-load voltage regulators adjust the voltage without disconnecting the load, and are widely used in power systems. [Masami Okamura] [Reference item] | | |©Takashi Aoki Principle of Two-Winding Transformer ©Takashi Aoki Two-winding transformer structure Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
電圧を所用の値に変換する装置。略してトランスともいう。電圧の変換は同時に電流の変換を意味し、電流を所用の値にしたいため変圧器を使用する場合もあるが、多くの場合は電圧の変換が目的であると考えてよい。 電気は交流と直流に大別できるが、変圧器は交流専用で直流には使えない。電力系統の大部分に交流が採用され、直流は電気鉄道など一部にしか採用されていないが、その理由は交流は変圧器が使えるからである。送電線で輸送できる電力には限界があり、その限界値は送電電圧の2乗に比例し、送電距離に反比例する。近年の電力系統は、主力となる大発電所が需要地から遠ざかる傾向にあり、長い送電線で大きな電力を輸送する必要がある。このため送電電圧はしだいに高くなり、日本では50万ボルトも採用されている。一方、工場なり一般家庭ではこのような高い電圧では不都合であるから低い電圧に変換する必要があり、このために変圧器が用いられる。 [岡村正巳] 原理鉄心に二つのコイルを巻いた二巻線変圧器を例に原理を説明する。鉄心は磁束の通路となる。二コイルの場合は、一つを一次コイル、他を二次コイルとよぶ。いま一次コイルに交流電源を接続すれば電流が流れ、鉄心には交番磁束が発生する。この磁束は二次コイルとも鎖交し、かつ交流電流の周波数にしたがって交番的変化をするため二次コイルに電圧が発生する。それぞれのコイルの巻数をn1、n2とすれば、一次コイルの電圧V1と、二次コイルの電圧V2とは、おおよそ次の関係がある。
[岡村正巳] 構造しかし、このような構造では一次コイルと二次コイルの磁気的結合がよくない。すなわち、一次コイルと鎖交した磁束のすべてが二次コイルと鎖交することが望ましいが、このような構造では一次コイルと鎖交しても二次コイルと鎖交しない磁束や、その反対に二次コイルと鎖交するが一次コイルと鎖交しない磁束が増える。このような磁束を漏洩(ろうえい)磁束とよぶが、これが増えると変圧器の効率が悪くなる。このため実際にはコイル配置として漏洩磁束を少なくするようにしている。また、鉄心とコイルの位置関係で、内鉄型と外鉄型がある。 [岡村正巳] 放熱装置変圧器は運転中、コイルの抵抗によるジュール損失(I2R)、鉄心中の交番磁束によるヒステリシス損失、鉄心やケース内に発生する渦電流損失などのため熱を発生し、放熱が十分でないと温度が上昇して絶縁物の劣化を早める。このため放熱装置が必要となる。 変圧器は鉄心とコイルを鉄函(てつばこ)内に収め、鉄函を油で満たしたいわゆる油入(ゆにゅう)変圧器がもっとも多い。密封タンク内に六フッ化硫黄(いおう)ガスなどを封入し、内部送風機により巻線内を循環冷却させるガス冷却変圧器や、鉄心とコイルをケースに収めることなく空気中で使用する乾式変圧器などもあるが数は少ない。もっとも多く採用されている油入変圧器では、油は原油から精製した鉱油で変圧器油ともよばれている。油の任務は二つあって、一つは絶縁材としてであり、他の一つは冷却材としてである。したがって変圧器油は絶縁耐力が高いこと、粘度が低い流動性の高いものであることが望ましい。発生した熱は油に伝わり、温められた油は対流をおこす。自冷式では変圧器外箱の表面積を大きくして冷却効果を高めるため、ひだをもたせたり、放熱器を取り付けたりする。風冷式ではファンで風を放熱器に当てる。水冷式は水冷管を油中に設けて冷却水を通す。送油式は温められた油をポンプで導き出し、自然冷却、風冷、水冷などの方法で冷却する。 [岡村正巳] 油劣化防止装置油入変圧器は、負荷の変動や周囲温度の変化により油の温度が変化する。このため油の容積も変化するので、タンクに開口部があれば空気が出入りする。これを呼吸作用とよんでいる。呼吸作用があると、外界の湿気が吸入されることと、空気中の酸素が油と反応して不溶解性のスラッジを生成することにより、油の絶縁耐力と冷却作用を低下させ故障の原因となる。このため種々の油劣化防止装置が実用されている。開放式は、呼吸口に吸湿装置(シリカゲル)を置いて吸い込む空気から湿気を取り除く方式である。密封式は、コンサベーター上部に窒素を封入密閉する。したがって油温の変化に伴い窒素の圧力が変化することになる。隔膜式は、コンサベーター内部に柔軟な耐油性ゴム膜で油と外気との接触を遮断する方式である。 [岡村正巳] 安全管油入変圧器は長い使用歴を有する信頼性の高い機器であるが、万一の絶縁破壊故障に備えてタンク上部に安全管を有している。これは、タンク内部で絶縁破壊が生じ、アークのため油圧が異常に高まった場合、タンクが破壊する前に安全管から油を放出し、油圧を低下させるものである。安全管から放出される油は高温の可能性があるため、空気と接触して発火したり他物に被害を及ぼしたりしないよう、地下タンクに導かれる構造のものもある。 [岡村正巳] 鉄心電力用変圧器はすべて鉄心を有している。鉄心は磁束を発生しやすくして変圧器の効率を高めるために使われる。使われる鉄心はケイ素を含んだケイ素鋼板とよばれるものであるが、渦電流損失を少なくするために0.3ミリメートルくらいの薄板を重ね合わせる。重ね合わせる面も電気的に絶縁されている。大型変圧器の鉄心は短冊型のケイ素鋼板で閉磁路を形成するが、ケイ素鋼板の突き合わせ部分にギャップがあると効率低下の原因となるので慎重に組み立てられる。 [岡村正巳] 特殊な変圧器単巻変圧器は巻線が一つだけの変圧器で、小型にすることができ、テレビやラジオの受信機などに広く用いられている。 計器用変圧器は高電圧の測定に用いるもので、低電圧に変換したときの変圧比から元の電圧を求める。負荷時電圧調整器は、負荷を遮断することなく電圧を調節するもので、電力系統で広く用いられている。 [岡村正巳] [参照項目] | | |©青木 隆"> 二巻線変圧器の原理 ©青木 隆"> 二巻線変圧器の構造 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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