This refers to the process of milking dairy animals. Milk from cows, goats, sheep, horses, etc. is used, but cow's milk is the most commonly consumed. Hand milking dairy cows is the most time-consuming part of dairy farming, but since around 1960 (Showa 35), mechanical milking using milkers has become widespread in Japan, and milking work has improved significantly. Hand milking involves applying pressure to the teats with fingers, but milkers use negative pressure to open the teat ducts and suck out the milk. There are bucket and pipeline milkers, the former being used when the number of cows is relatively small, and the latter for medium to large scale operations. Bucket milkers store milk in milking cans (buckets), while pipeline milkers send milk via pipeline to the milk processing room. In barn-reared cows, tethered stalls are often used for milking. In free-range cows, all milking is done in a dedicated milking room. In both cases, pipeline milkers are generally used, and the structure allows for efficient milking. Rotary milking rooms, which offer even greater work efficiency, are facilities in which the cows are arranged in a circular or elliptical circle and rotated, with the entrance and exit next to each other, allowing workers to attach and detach the milker within close proximity before and after milking, making it possible for one person to milk more than 100 cows per hour. There are also simple milking sheds for use in pastures, which are set on a cart and moved by tractor or other means to the required location for milking. In dairy cows, the milking period is usually 10 to 12 months after the start of lactation. During this period, milking is generally done two or three times a day, with several to 20 kilograms of milk being extracted per session. Increasing the number of times increases the milk yield, with three milkings yielding about 15 to 25% more milk than two, and four milkings yielding 5 to 10% more milk than three. Conversely, reducing the number of times causes a decrease in milk yield and shortens the lactation period. If the entire lactation period is milked once, the milk yield will be reduced by about 40 to 50% compared to two milkings. Incomplete milking, even if performed for a short period of time, will result in a permanent decrease in milk yield. Therefore, it is important to reduce the amount of milk left over (residual milk) as much as possible in order to improve milk yield and quality. Morning milk produces more milk than evening milk, but the milk fat content is slightly lower. Milk at the beginning of milking also has a low milk fat content, which gradually increases and reaches its highest at the end of milking. [Nishida Tomoko] ©Shogakukan "> Bucket Milker Configuration ©Shogakukan "> Pipeline Milker Configuration The outer chamber is connected to a pulsator, and alternates between negative and normal pressure. At (1), the pressure is normal, the rubber inner tube (liner) is compressed, and milk stops flowing. When the outer chamber becomes negative pressure, milk comes out due to the negative pressure inside the liner. ©Shogakukan "> The structure and principle of nipple cups First, pinch the base of the nipple between your thumb and index finger, then bend your middle finger and below in order, and press the nipple with your palm and fingers to release the milk . Milking by hand Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
乳用家畜の乳を搾る作業をいう。ウシ、ヤギ、ヒツジ、ウマなどの乳が利用されるが、消費が多いのは牛乳である。 乳牛の手搾りは酪農作業のうちでもっとも手間のかかる仕事であるが、1960年(昭和35)ごろから日本でもミルカーによる機械搾乳法が普及し、搾乳作業は著しく改善された。手搾りは指で乳頭を加圧して搾るが、ミルカーは陰圧により乳頭管を開いて乳を吸い出す。ミルカーにはバケット式とパイプライン式とがあり、頭数規模が比較的少ない場合は前者が、中規模以上では後者が使用される。バケットミルカーは搾った乳を搾乳缶(バケット)の中に蓄える方式で、パイプラインミルカーは搾った乳をパイプラインで牛乳処理室まで送乳する。 舎飼いの場合、多くは係留ストールが搾乳の場として使用される。放し飼いではすべて専用の搾乳室で行われる。どちらも一般にパイプラインミルカーが使用され、能率よく搾乳できる構造をもつ。さらに作業能率がよい回転式搾乳室は、ウシを円形または楕円(だえん)形の円周上に配列して回転させ、入口と出口を隣り合わせて、搾乳前後に作業者が近距離内でミルカーの着脱ができるようにした施設で、1人1時間当り100頭以上の搾乳が可能である。このほか放牧場で使用する簡易搾乳舎もあるが、これは台車の上にセットし、必要な場所にトラクターなどで移動させて搾乳する。 乳牛では搾乳期間は泌乳開始後通常10~12か月で、この期間、搾乳は一般に1日2、3回行われ、1回当り数キログラムから20キログラム前後を搾る。回数が増えると乳量の増加がみられ、2回搾乳に対し3回では約15~25%、4回では3回の5~10%の増乳が得られる。逆に回数を減らすことは減乳の原因となり、また泌乳期間も短縮する。全泌乳期間を1回搾乳にすると、2回の約40~50%の減乳となる。不完全搾乳は、短期間行っても、その後永続的な乳量減少がおこる。したがって、搾り残し(残乳)をできるだけ少なくすることは、乳量、乳質の向上にとって重要なことである。なお、朝乳は夕乳より乳量は多いが乳脂率はわずかに低い。また搾り始めの乳は乳脂率が低く、しだいに増加し、終了時には最高となる。 [西田恂子] ©Shogakukan"> バケットミルカーの構成 ©Shogakukan"> パイプラインミルカーの構成 外室はパルセーターに通じており、交互に陰圧、常圧になる。(1)では常圧の状態となり、ゴム製の内筒(ライナー)は圧縮され、乳は止まる。(2)外室が陰圧となると、ライナー内の陰圧で乳が出る©Shogakukan"> 乳頭カップの構造と原理 まず、親指と人差し指で乳頭の基部を挟み次に中指以下を順に折り、手のひらと指で乳頭を圧迫して乳を出す©Shogakukan"> 手搾りによる搾乳 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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