Cycloid - Saikuroido (English spelling) cycloid

Japanese: サイクロイド - さいくろいど(英語表記)cycloid
Cycloid - Saikuroido (English spelling) cycloid

A plane curve. When a circle rolls on a straight line without slipping, it is the curve described by a fixed point on the circle. Using parameters,
x=a( t -sin t ), y=a(1-cos t )
The locus of a point on the circumference of a wheel of a car moving along a road is a cycloid. The locus of a point fixed on the inside or outside of the circumference is called a trochoid.

Suppose there are two points A and B in space. When a mass acting only on gravity moves from A to B, the time required is shortest not when it moves along the straight line connecting A and B, but when it moves along the curve connecting A and B with a cycloid. For this reason, the cycloid is also called the brachystochrone line.

When another circle C rolls around the outside of circle O without slipping, the locus of a fixed point on this circle C is called an epicycloid. When the moving circle C rolls around while being inscribed in circle O, the locus of a fixed point on this circle C is called a hypocycloid. When the ratio of the radius a of circle O to the radius b of circle C is a simple integer ratio, a beautiful curve is created. When a/b = 1 for an epicycloid, it becomes a cardioid, when a/b = 2 for a hypocycloid, it becomes a line segment, when a/b = 3, it becomes a curve with three cusps, and when a/b = 4, it becomes an asteroid.

[Osamu Takenouchi]

[Reference] | Calculus of Variations
Cycloid (locus of fixed points on a circle)
©Shogakukan ">

Cycloid (locus of fixed points on a circle)

Cycloid (trochoid)
©Shogakukan ">

Cycloid (trochoid)

Cycloid (epicycloid)
©Shogakukan ">

Cycloid (epicycloid)

Cycloid (asteroid)
©Shogakukan ">

Cycloid (asteroid)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

平面曲線の一つ。直線上を円が滑ることなく転がるとき、円上に固定された点の描く曲線であって、媒介変数を用いて、
  x=a(t-sint), y=a(1-cost)
で表示される。道路を走る車の車輪の周上の1点の軌跡は、サイクロイドである。周の内側に固定した点や、外側に固定した点の軌跡をトロコイドtrochoidという。

 空間内に2点A、Bがあるとする。重力だけの作用を受ける質点がAからBまで動くとき、所用時間が最小になるのは、AとBを結ぶ直線に沿って動く場合ではなく、AとBをサイクロイドで結ぶ曲線に沿って動く場合である。このため、サイクロイドは最速降下線ともよばれる。

 円Oの外側を、他の円Cがこれに接しながら、滑ることなく転がるとき、この円C上に固定された1点の軌跡を、エピサイクロイドepicycloidという。動円Cが、円Oに内接しながら転がるときの動円C上の固定された点の軌跡を、ハイポサイクロイドhypocycloidという。円Oの半径aと円Cの半径bの比が、簡単な整数比の場合に、きれいな曲線ができる。エピサイクロイドでa/b=1のときカージオイド(心臓形)、ハイポサイクロイドでa/b=2のとき線分、a/b=3のとき尖点(せんてん)三つの曲線、a/b=4のときアステロイド(星芒形(せいぼうけい))となる。

[竹之内脩]

[参照項目] | 変分法
サイクロイド(円上に固定された点の軌跡)
©Shogakukan">

サイクロイド(円上に固定された点の軌跡…

サイクロイド(トロコイド)
©Shogakukan">

サイクロイド(トロコイド)

サイクロイド(エピサイクロイド)
©Shogakukan">

サイクロイド(エピサイクロイド)

サイクロイド(アステロイド)
©Shogakukan">

サイクロイド(アステロイド)


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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