Colbert, Claudette

Japanese: コルベール（英語表記）Colbert, Claudette

Born: September 13, 1903, Paris, France
[Died] July 30, 1996. Cobbler's Cove, Barbados. American stage and film actress. Born Lily Claudette Chauchoin. She moved to New York with her family around 1910. She studied fashion design and appeared on Broadway in a minor role in 1923. She starred as a carnival snake charmer in the 1927 play "The Barker" and rose to stardom. She married Norman Foster, who co-starred with her in that play, in 1928, but divorced him in 1934. The following year, she remarried a doctor, but he died in 1968. She made her film debut in the silent film For the Love of Mike (1927), but was disappointed that she could not use her voice, which was her greatest strength, and soon returned to the stage. She returned to the film world in 1929 with the talkie The Hole in the Wall. In 1934, she starred in Cecil B. DeMille's masterpiece Cleopatra and the romantic comedy masterpiece It Happened One Night, which marked her breakthrough as an actress. Her performance as a wealthy woman who elopes in It Happened One Night was highly praised, and she won the Academy Award for Best Actress. She was also known as a very professional actress, and there is a famous anecdote that she only allowed her picture to be taken from the left side of her face. In 1989, she received the John F. Kennedy Center Honors.

Colbert
Colbert, Jean-Baptiste

Born: August 29, 1619, Reims
Died September 6, 1683. French politician and financier in Paris. Known as the politician who promoted mercantilist policies (→ Colbertism) as the Minister of Finance under the personal rule of Louis XIV. Born to a wool merchant family in Reims. Served J. Mazarin, and after his death, he overthrew his political rival N. Fouquet and became the Minister of Finance in 1665. He envisioned a modern colonial empire to replace the economically advanced Netherlands. To this end, he established a centralized bureaucracy that had existed since Richelieu and strengthened national power. Based on this centralized national power, he implemented policies to develop domestic industry, such as protective tariffs to increase exports and limit imports, privileged manufactures, the creation of national factories, and the encouragement of agriculture (protection of farmers, improvement of varieties, promotion of crop cultivation), as well as a policy to expand overseas colonial activities (encouraging immigration to Canada). He also worked to stabilize the national finances by focusing on indirect taxes based on the development of commerce and industry. In 668 he became Lord Admiral of the Navy, and worked to restore France's maritime power. From 669 he also became Secretary of State, and was concerned with intellectual and artistic activities in the country, founding the Conservatoire des Arts et des Arts, the Conservatoire des Sciences, the Royal Institute of Architects, etc. However, his extreme protectionist policies based on high tariffs were one of the causes of the outbreak of the Dutch War, which thwarted Colbert's plans, and he died in despair, disliked by King Louis XIV.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1903.9.13. フランス，パリ
[没]1996.7.30. バルバドス，コブラーズコーブ
アメリカ合衆国の舞台・映画女優。本名 Lily Claudette Chauchoin。1910年頃，家族とともにニューヨークに移住。服飾デザインを学んでいた 1923年，端役でブロードウェーの舞台に立った。1927年の舞台 "The Barker"でカーニバルのヘビつかいを好演し，スター女優として台頭。このとき共演したノーマン・フォスターと 1928年に結婚したが，1934年に離婚。翌 1935年には医師と再婚したが，1968年に死別している。無声映画『力漕一挺身』For The Love of Mike（1927）で映画デビューを果たしたが，最大の魅力である声を聞かせられないことに落胆し，すぐに舞台に戻った。1929年，トーキーの『壁の穴』The Hole in the Wallで映画界に復帰。1934年にはセシル・B.デミル監督の大作『クレオパトラ』Cleopatra，およびロマンチック・コメディの傑作『或る夜の出来事』It Happened One Nightに相次いで主演し，女優として飛躍を遂げた。『或る夜の出来事』では駆け落ちする富豪令嬢役の名演が称賛を浴び，アカデミー賞主演女優賞に輝いた。プロ意識の強い女優としても知られ，写真は顔の左側からしか撮影させなかったという逸話は有名。1989年ジョン・F・ケネディ・センター名誉賞を受賞。

コルベール
Colbert， Jean-Baptiste

[生]1619.8.29. ランス
[没]1683.9.6. パリ
フランスの政治家，財政家。ルイ 14世親政下の財務総監として重商主義的政策 (→コルベールティスム ) を推進した政治家として知られる。ランスの毛織物商人の家に生れる。 J.マザランに仕え，その死後，政敵 N.フーケを失脚させ 1665年財務総監となる。経済先進国オランダに代る近代植民帝国を構想した。そのためリシュリュー以来の集権的官僚制を整備し国家権力の強化をはかった。この国家集権力をもとに，輸出増と輸入制限の保護関税，特権マニュファクチュール，国営工場の創設，農業の奨励 (農民の保護，品種の改良，作物栽培の促進) など国内産業育成政策，海外植民活動拡大政策 (カナダへの移民の奨励) をとった。また商工業の発展を基礎とする間接税重点政策によって国家財政安定に努力した。一方 68年には海軍卿となり，フランスの海上勢力の復興に努めた。また 69年より国務卿として国内の知的・芸術的活動に心を配り，文芸院，科学院，王立建築家協会などを設立した。しかし高関税に基づく極端な保護貿易政策はオランダ戦争勃発の一因となり，戦争の結果はコルベール構想を挫折させ，ルイ 14世にうとんじられ失意のうちに没した。

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