A tribe of nomadic Semitic people. They were widespread from Mesopotamia to Syria around the 14th century BC. They first appeared in an inscription by Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser I. In 1030 BC, Benhadad II led the Aramaeans of southern Mesopotamia in an alliance with the Amorites, Edomites, and Aramaeans of northern Mesopotamia against Israel, and was defeated by David. However, the Aramaeans occupied many of the Hittite cities in Syria during the 10th century BC. However, in 853 BC, Assyrian king Shalmaneser III fought against the combined forces of Aramean, Phoenician, Israeli, and Hamath, and in 838 BC captured the Aramites of the middle Euphrates. Tiglath-Pileser III captured the Aramaic stronghold of Arpad in northern Syria in 740 BC, Samaria in 734 BC, and Damascus in 732 BC. Sargon II conquered Hamath in 720 BC, and the Aram kingdoms in the west were destroyed. The Aramaeans in the lower Tigris basin still maintained their independence, and the Chaldean general Nabopolassar became king of Babylonia in 626 BC and destroyed Assyria by allied with Media and Scythia. From this time on, the Aramaeans and Chaldeans intermingled. The Aramaeans were called land Phoenicians, and were skilled in commerce, spreading their language and culture. In the 8th century BC, Aramaic became the official language of commerce in Western Asia, including the Assyrian Empire, and is written in parts of the Old Testament. Jesus is also said to have spoken Aramaic, although there are other theories. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
セム系遊牧民族の一部族。前 14世紀頃メソポタミアからシリアにかけて広く分布した。記録にはアッシリアのティグラト=ピレゼル1世の碑文に現れたのが最初。前 1030年ベンハダド2世はメソポタミア南部のアラム人を率い,アモリ人,エドム人,北部メソポタミアのアラム人と同盟してイスラエルと戦い,ダビデに敗れたが,アラム人は前 10世紀の間にシリアにあった後ヒッタイトの諸都市の多くを占拠。しかし前 853年アッシリアのシャルマネゼル3世はアラム,フェニキア,イスラエル,ハマトの連合軍と戦い,前 838年中部ユーフラテスのアラムの地を奪取。ティグラト=ピレゼル3世は前 740年北シリアのアラム拠点アルパドを,前 734年にはサマリアを,前 732年にはダマスカスを落し,サルゴン2世が前 720年ハマトを制圧したことにより,西方におけるアラムの諸王国は滅亡した。チグリス川下流域のアラム人はなお独立を保ち,カルデアの将ナボポラッサルが前 626年バビロニア王となりメディア,スキタイと結んでアッシリアを滅ぼしたが,この頃からアラム人,カルデア人は混交した。アラム人は陸上のフェニキア人といわれ,商業にたけ,その言語,文化を普及させた。前8世紀アラム語はアッシリア帝国をはじめ,西アジアにおける通商の際の公用語となり,旧約聖書の一部にも書かれており,イエスも,異説はあるが,アラム語を話したとされている。
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