It belongs to the Northwest Semitic branch of the Semitic language family. It is the language of the Aramaeans, who established many small kingdoms in Syria and Mesopotamia from around 1000 BC, and has a history of 3000 years up to the present. Following Old Aramaic from the 10th to 8th centuries BC, the Aramaic language used in the Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, and Persian empires until around the 4th century BC is called Imperial Aramaic. During this period, the Aramaeans lost their political independence, but on the contrary, Aramaic spread as a common language throughout the Middle East, covering the area from Egypt to the Aegean Sea, the Caspian Sea, and the Indus River. The Hebrew language of the Jews was gradually replaced by Aramaic, and the Aramaic language in parts of the Old Testament also originated from this period. Shortly thereafter, Aramaic split into two dialects, Eastern and Western. Western Aramaic is a dialect of northern Arabia and Palestine, such as Nabataean and Palmyrenic. Syriac is the most important of the Eastern Aramaic languages, but other dialects include Mesopotamian. Syriac is a language with many documents from the 1st century onwards, and it has produced a wealth of Christian literature and played an important role in disseminating ancient Greek literature through translation. The Aramaic language area has since been narrowed due to the growth of Arabic with the rise of Islam since the 7th century, and today only a few hundred thousand speakers of both the eastern and western dialects remain in Syria, Iran, Turkey, the Caucasus region, and Israel. [Yoichi Tsuge] AramaicIt is a type of North Semitic alphabet, and is as important as the Phoenician alphabet. It consists of 22 letters that represent only consonants, and is written from right to left. The oldest characters are found on inscriptions from the 10th century BC, and after the Imperial Aramaic period, the Nabataean, Palmyrene, and Syriac scripts were created as Aramaic split into eastern and western dialects. It spread further east and was used to write languages other than Aramaic, creating the Pehlevi, Sogdian, Uighur, Mongolian, and Manchu scripts. [Yoichi Tsuge] [References] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
セム語族北西セム語派に属する言語。紀元前1000年ごろからシリア、メソポタミアに多くの小王国を建てたアラム人の言語で、現在に至る3000年の歴史をもつ。前10~前8世紀の古アラム語に続いて、前4世紀ごろまでのアッシリア、新バビロニア、ペルシア各帝国で用いられたアラム語を、帝国アラム語とよぶ。この時代、アラム人は政治的自立を失っていたが、逆にアラム語は中東一帯の共通語として、エジプト、エーゲ海、カスピ海、インダス川にわたる領域に広まった。ユダヤ人のヘブライ語もしだいにアラム語にとってかわられるようになり、『旧約聖書』の一部分のアラム語もこの時期に由来する。その後しばらくして、アラム語は東、西二つの方言に分かれる。西アラム語はナバタイ語、パルミュラ語などの北アラビア、パレスチナの方言である。東アラム語ではシリア語がもっとも重要で、ほかにメソポタミアの方言を含む。シリア語は1世紀以後の多くの資料をもつ言語で、豊富なキリスト教文献を生み出し、また翻訳を通じて、古代ギリシア文献を広く伝える重要な役割を果たした。アラム語域は、その後7世紀以降のイスラム興隆に伴うアラビア語の伸長などの理由により狭まり、現在ではシリア、イラン、トルコ、コーカサス(カフカス)地方、イスラエルなどに東、西両方言の話し手が数十万人残るだけである。 [柘植洋一] アラム文字北セム系アルファベットの一種で、フェニキア文字と並ぶ重要な文字である。子音だけを表す22文字からなり、右から左へ書かれる。前10世紀の碑文の文字が最古のもので、以後帝国アラム語期を経て、アラム語の東、西方言への分裂に伴い、ナバタイ文字、パルミュラ文字、シリア文字などが生まれた。さらに東に伝わって、アラム語以外の言語の表記にも用いられ、ペフレビ(パフラビ)、ソグド、ウイグル、蒙古(もうこ)、満州などの各文字がつくられている。 [柘植洋一] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
<<: Aramaeans - Aramaeans (English spelling)
…This curve consists of three periods: the infant...
This was an organization of Buddhist sculptors loc...
One of six types of plagioclase. Currently, in mi...
…They are divided into two groups: the relatively...
These two chronicles, which document the activitie...
…Research and development is a collective term fo...
...It is distributed from the Tanigawa mountain r...
...In the Kojiki and one of the Nihon Shoki, this...
...electrical knowledge brought to Japan through ...
A city in the southwest of Gifu Prefecture. It was...
…Although there is criticism of the tendency to e...
Soybeans are roasted over an open flame, roughly c...
It refers to all designs related to the entire ind...
…It is a rocky mountain about 180 meters above se...
The official language of the Republic of Malta, it...