Kohlrausch (English spelling) Friedrich Wilhelm Kohlrausch

Japanese: コールラウシュ - こーるらうしゅ(英語表記)Friedrich Wilhelm Kohlrausch
Kohlrausch (English spelling) Friedrich Wilhelm Kohlrausch

German physicist. Son of Rudolf Hermann Kohlrausch (1809-1858), a collaborator of Weber. Born in Rinteln, he studied at the universities of Göttingen and Erlangen, and went on to study at the University of Göttingen, the Technical Universities of Zurich and Darmstadt, and the University of Würzburg before becoming a professor at the University of Berlin in 1900. Initially intending to use electrolytes as resistance standards, he turned to measuring the resistance of electrolytes from 1868 onwards. By adopting alternating current to prevent polarization and inventing the "Kohlrausch bridge", he had succeeded in precise measurements of 260 types of solutions by 1876. As a result, the relationship between electrical conductivity (K) and solution concentration (m) was established: K = λm - λ'm 2 (λ and λ' are the respective constants)
He verified that the above formula holds true, discovered the "Law of Independent Motion of Ions," established the concept of "mobility," and built the foundation for what would later become the "free ion theory." After 1895, as director of the National Institute of Science and Technology, he contributed to establishing the foundations of the world's first national central testing and research institute. Furthermore, his classic work on experimental physics, Lehrbuch der praktischen Physik (1869), has been published to this day with some revised editions.

[Shinichi Miyashita]

[Reference] | Mobility | Electrolyte | Bridge circuit

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ドイツの物理学者。ウェーバーの共同研究者ルドルフRudolf Hermann Kohlrausch(1809―1858)の子。リンテルンに生まれ、ゲッティンゲン、エルランゲン両大学で学び、ゲッティンゲン大学、チューリヒ、ダルムシュタット両工科大学、ウュルツブルク大学を経て、1900年ベルリン大学教授。当初、電解質を抵抗の標準に用いる意図から、1868年以降、電解質の抵抗の測定に向かった。分極防止のため交流の採用、「コールラウシュ・ブリッジ」の考案などにより、1876年までに260種類の溶液の精密測定に成功。その結果、電気伝導度(K)と溶液の濃度(m)の間に関係式
  K=λm-λ'm2 (λ、λ'は各定数)
が成り立つことを確かめ、「イオン独立移動の法則」を発見、「易動度」の概念を確立して、後の「自由イオン説」の基礎を築いた。1895年以後、国立理工学研究所長として、その世界最初の国立中央試験研究機関の基盤確立に貢献した。また、実験物理学の古典的名著『実験物理学便覧』Lehrbuch der praktischen Physik(1869)は版を改めながら今日まで刊行されている。

[宮下晋吉]

[参照項目] | 易動度 | 電解質 | ブリッジ回路

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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