Commons - John Rogers Commons

Japanese: コモンズ - こもんず(英語表記)John Rogers Commons
Commons - John Rogers Commons

American economist. The second founder of institutional economics after Veblen. He studied at Oberlin College and Johns Hopkins University, where he was supervised by Richard Theodore Ely (1854-1943). After becoming a professor at the University of Wisconsin in 1904, he wrote many books and established the foundations of institutional economics. He conducted various research studies on labor, industry, and monetary economics, with the aim of reforming specific socio-economic organizations at the state and federal levels. He published Legal Foundations of Capitalism (1924) and Institutional Economics (1934) as systematic works that provided a theoretical basis for decades of research and experience for socio-economic reforms. These, along with The Economics of Collective Action (1950), published posthumously, are his representative works.

While absorbing Darwin's evolutionary view of history and pragmatism, he provided methodological criticism of orthodox economics and focused his analysis on collective economic behavior instead of individual behavior. On the one hand, he criticized American "banker capitalism," but on the other hand, he rejected communism and fascism for their suppression of freedom. His goal was to reform the world into a "fair capitalism" that would realize "fair value" and increase welfare through a "collective industrial democracy" based on private property and individual ingenuity, while recognizing the role of the state as a mediator between conflicting interests.

[Tanaka Toshihiro]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

アメリカの経済学者。ベブレンに次ぐ制度派経済学の建設者。オーバリン大学からジョンズ・ホプキンズ大学に学び、イリーRichard Theodore Ely(1854―1943)の指導を受けた。1904年ウィスコンシン大学教授に就任後、多くの著作を著して制度派経済学の基礎を築いた。彼は労働、産業、貨幣経済などについて各種の調査研究を行ったが、これは州や連邦政府レベルでの具体的な社会経済組織の改革を目的とするものであった。数十年にわたる社会経済的諸改革のための調査研究と経験に理論的根拠を与える体系的著作として、『資本主義の法律的基礎』Legal Foundations of Capitalism(1924)、『制度派経済学』Institutional Economics(1934)を公刊したが、これらは彼の死後出版された『集団行動の経済学』The Economics of Collective Action(1950)とともに、彼の代表的著作をなす。

 彼はダーウィンの進化論的歴史観やプラグマティズムを摂取しつつ、正統派経済学に方法論的批判を加え、個人行動にかわって集団の経済行動に分析の焦点をあわせた。彼は一方でアメリカの「銀行家資本主義」を批判するとともに、他方で共産主義やファシズムをも自由の抑圧のゆえに退けた。彼の目標は、私有財産制と個人の創意を基礎としつつ、相対立する諸利害の調整者としての国家の役割を認める「集団的産業民主主義」によって「適正価値」を実現し、福祉を高める「適正な資本主義」へと変革してゆくことであった。

[田中敏弘]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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