Native Egyptian Christians. This term was born from several changes in the ancient Egyptian language. The ancient Egyptian capital, Memphis in Lower Egypt, was also called "Hikptah" (House of Ptah). The Greeks who settled in Egypt from the 7th century BC Greekized this to "Aegyptos" and used this term to refer to all of Egypt (today's name for Egypt comes from this). Then, "Aegyptios" was born as an adjective from this noun, which became the word for "Egyptian". The Arabs who conquered Egypt in 640 AD Arabized this to "Kibut". As the Egyptians became more Islamized, the term Kibut came to be used only for non-Islamized Egyptians, that is, Egyptians who continued to believe in native Christianity. Then, this term entered the European vocabulary and changed to the word Copt, which spread throughout the world. The history of Christianity in Egypt (Coptic Church) is long, beginning with St. Mark's missionary work in Egypt in the mid-1st century. Since the fall of the Egyptian kingdom in 30 B.C. and its subsequent Roman occupation, ancient polytheism had been in decline, but the belief in the three gods Osiris, Isis, and Horus in ancient religions played a role in facilitating access to Christianity. However, the Coptic Church eventually developed its own doctrine (called Monophysitism) and was declared a heretic at the Council of Chalcedon in 451, after which it became isolated. However, it did gain influence in the Nile basin, and Nubia, south of Egypt, was Christianized in the 6th century. Its ruins were brought back to life in a spectacular way during excavations in the 1960s as part of the Nubian ruins salvation movement. The Coptic Church's contributions include monasteries for hermit asceticism, the architecture and decoration of Coptic churches, crafts such as Coptic weaving, and academic documents (Coptic papyrus). Coptic Christians are ethnically direct descendants of the ancient Egyptians, and their language is also a direct descendant of the ancient Egyptian language. Because the ancient Egyptian language only represented consonants in letters, the Coptic Christians created their own alphabet with the idea of representing all sounds in letters, borrowing some letters from the Greek alphabet. Thus, the Coptic language and Coptic script were established in the 3rd century, and the Old Testament and the Gospels were translated into Coptic. With the Arab conquest, the Coptic language declined, and by the 16th century it had completely disappeared from everyday life. In the 19th century, the Frenchman Champollion deciphered hieroglyphics through his research into the Coptic language. [Denroku Sakai] [Reference item] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
エジプトの土着キリスト教徒。この用語は古代エジプト語からの数次にわたる変化から生まれた。古代エジプトの都である下(しも)エジプトのメンフィスは「ヒクプタハ」(プタハ神の館)ともよばれていた。紀元前7世紀からエジプトに入植したギリシア人は、これを「アイギプトス」とギリシア化し、この呼称で全エジプトをさすことにした(今日のエジプトの呼称はこれに由来する)。ついで、この名詞の形容詞として「アイギプティオス」が生まれ、これは「エジプト人」をさすことばとなった。紀元後640年にエジプトを征服したアラブ人はこれをアラブ化して「キブト」とした。やがて、エジプト人のイスラム化が進むにつれて、イスラム化しないエジプト人、すなわち、土着キリスト教を信じ続けるエジプト人のほうだけをキブトとよぶようになった。ついで、この呼称はヨーロッパ人の用語に入り、こんどはコプトということばに変わり、これが世界に流布していった。 エジプトのキリスト教(コプト教会)の歴史は古く、1世紀中葉の聖マルコのエジプト布教に始まるとされている。前30年にエジプト王国が滅びてローマ領となったとき以来、古代の多神教は衰えていたが、古代宗教のなかのオシリス、イシス、ホルスの三神信仰は、キリスト教への接近を容易にする役割を果たした。しかし、やがてコプト教会は独自の教義(単性論という)を発展させ、451年のカルケドン公会議で異端とされ、そのときから孤立の道を歩んだ。もっとも、ナイル川流域では勢力を伸ばし、エジプトの南の地ヌビアは6世紀にキリスト教化された。その遺跡は1960年代のヌビア遺跡救済運動の発掘の際に華やかによみがえった。隠遁(いんとん)修行の修道院、コプト教会の建築・装飾、コプト織をはじめとする工芸、学芸文書(コプト・パピルス)などはコプト教会の貢献である。 コプト教徒は民族的に古代エジプト人の直系であるが、その言語もまた古代エジプト語の直系である。古代エジプト語は子音のみを文字表記していたので、コプト教徒はすべての音を文字表記するという考えから独自のアルファベットをつくり、いくつかの文字はギリシア文字から借用した。こうして3世紀にコプト語、コプト文字が成立し、『旧約聖書』と福音(ふくいん)書がコプト語に訳された。アラブの征服とともにコプト語は衰え、16世紀に日常生活からまったく消えた。19世紀にフランスのシャンポリオンは、コプト語の研究からヒエログリフを解読した。 [酒井傳六] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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