The soft part in the center of a bone, separated by the endosteum. This is where blood cells are produced, and in adults, hematopoiesis takes place in the bone marrow located throughout the body. Bone marrow makes up 4.5% of body weight. When an adult's long bone (such as the femur) is cut vertically, the area near the joint is red and the center is yellow. The red part is called red marrow and plays a role in producing blood cells, while the yellow part is called yellow marrow (fatty marrow) and contains fat. The bone marrow of birds that fly is hollow, but in birds that do not fly it is filled with fat. In young people, all bone marrow is red, but as we age, the amount of fatty marrow increases, and in adults, the bone marrow of flat bones such as the skull, vertebrae, ilium, ribs, and sternum becomes the main site of hematopoiesis. However, when there is an increased need for hematopoiesis, the fatty marrow changes to red marrow and can perform hematopoiesis. When viewed under a microscope, fatty marrow is a collection of large and small fat cells, and in the red marrow, various types of blood cells are produced within a meshwork surrounded by reticular cells, including immature red blood cells (erythroblasts), immature granulocytes (myeloblasts, promyelocytes, myelocytes, metamyelocytes), platelet mother cells (myelomegakaryocytes), as well as lymphocytes, monocytes, and plasma cells. In addition, blood vessels run vertically and horizontally within the bone marrow, and some of the veins expand into sac-like sinuses, into which immature cells mature and pass through the endothelium using amoeba-like movement, and are carried throughout the body by the bloodstream. However, immature blood cells can never pass through these sinuses. When these sinuses are destroyed by leukemia or other diseases, young blood cells (blast cells) enter the blood. The production of each blood cell begins with the hematopoietic stem cells giving rise to the mother cells of red blood cells, white blood cells (granulocytes and lymphocytes), bone marrow megakaryocytes, and monocytes, which then undergo several cell divisions to mature, during which time hemoglobin is synthesized in red blood cells, granulocytes are equipped with their respective granules, and megakaryocytes produce platelets, which then circulate in the blood. Lymphocytes also become T lymphocytes when they pass through the thymus, and B lymphocytes when they pass through the organ equivalent to the bursa (thought to be the lymphatic tissue of the intestine in the human body), becoming the source of the body's power to protect itself from foreign enemies (immunity). When monocytes mature, they enter the blood and tissues, where they phagocytose and process foreign bodies. In addition, the bone marrow stores iron, along with the liver and spleen. [Kenjiro Ito] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
骨の中心部にある骨内膜で区画された軟らかい部分のこと。ここは血球の産生場所であり、成人の場合、造血は全身にある骨髄で行われている。体重の4.5%が骨髄である。成人の長管骨(大腿骨(だいたいこつ)など)を縦に切開すると、関節に近いところは赤色をしており、中央は黄色をしている。赤いところは赤色髄とよばれて血球をつくる役割を果たし、また黄色いところは黄色髄(脂肪髄)とよばれ、脂肪が蓄えられている。空中を飛ぶ鳥の骨髄は中空になっているが、飛ばない鳥では脂肪が詰まっている。 幼い年代では、骨髄はすべて赤色髄であるが、年をとるにしたがって脂肪髄が増加し、成人では、頭蓋骨(とうがいこつ)、脊椎骨(せきついこつ)、腸骨、肋骨(ろっこつ)、胸骨などの扁平(へんぺい)骨の骨髄がおもな造血場所になる。しかし、造血がいっそう必要なときには、脂肪髄が赤色髄に変わって造血を行うことができる。顕微鏡で見ると、脂肪髄は大小の脂肪細胞の集まりであり、また赤色髄では細網細胞に囲まれた網の目の中で各種の血球の産生が行われており、赤血球の幼若型(赤芽球)、顆粒(かりゅう)球の幼若型(骨髄芽球、前骨髄球、骨髄球、後骨髄球)、血小板の母細胞(骨髄巨核球)、さらにリンパ球、単球、形質細胞が見られる。なお、骨髄の中には血管が縦横に走っており、静脈の一部が袋状に拡大して洞状になり、その中に、幼若細胞から成熟した血球が、アメーバ様運動によって内皮の間をくぐり抜けて入り、血流にのって全身に運ばれていく。しかし、未熟な血球はけっしてここを通過することはできない。白血病その他の病気で、この洞が壊されると、若い血球(芽球)が血中に入り込むことになる。 各血球の産生は、造血幹細胞から赤血球、白血球(顆粒球とリンパ球)、骨髄巨核球、単球の母細胞がつくられ、それが何回かの細胞分裂を行いながら成熟していき、赤血球ではその間にヘモグロビンが合成され、顆粒球ではそれぞれの顆粒が備わり、巨核球からは血小板がつくられ、血中に流れていく。またリンパ球は、胸腺を通るとTリンパ球になり、ブルザ相当器官(人体では腸のリンパ組織と考えられる)を通るとBリンパ球となって、生体を外敵から守る力(免疫力)の源泉となる。単球は成熟すると、血中と組織の中に入って貪食(どんしょく)、異物処理を行う。また、骨髄の中には肝臓、脾臓(ひぞう)と並んで鉄が貯蔵されている。 [伊藤健次郎] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
...The Japanese name, Omakizaru, comes from the t...
… [Mitsuru Hotta]... *Some of the terminology tha...
…An old port city on the southwest coast of the M...
An administrative agency established in 1946 (Sho...
1832‐1913 Hungarian orientalist. His real name was...
This is a method of depicting animals in which the...
...The name comes from the song "Honihoro ho...
…I means "that" (spiritual being) and &...
…Direct mail advertising is also called addressed...
...If an airborne command aircraft is equipped wi...
...However, the distribution of Inaoki was limite...
...They once lived in large numbers in South Afri...
A general term for a group of birds in the Wagtail...
...the concept of macromolecules or polymers was ...
...In the fall, the adult beetles hibernate in th...