This law stipulates the basic standards that apply to national civil servants. Law No. 120 of 1947. Under the Meiji Constitution, all civil servants were considered to be the Emperor's civil servants, and the civil servant system was determined by imperial decree (Civil Servant Appointment Order, Civil Servant Ranking Order, Civil Servant Disciplinary Order, etc.) based on the Emperor's prerogative to appoint (Article 10). However, the Constitution of Japan states that all civil servants are servants of the whole, not of a part, and that civil servant affairs are governed by standards set by law (Article 15, paragraph 2, Article 73, item 4). Based on this, the National Civil Servant Law introduced a new civil servant system that is thoroughly democracy and scientific rationalism. It divides national civil servants into general and special service, and applies only to general service national civil servants. Its basic principles are the principle of equality and the principle of adapting to circumstances. The former aims to prohibit all irrational discrimination, while the latter establishes a system of recommendations by the National Personnel Authority to adapt the working conditions of public servants set by law to changes in social conditions. In addition, it stipulates the appointment standards, the principle of job security and disciplinary action, disciplinary punishment, and retirement age, requests for measures on working conditions and appeals against unfavorable treatment, service (obligation to obey, prohibition of industrial action, prohibition of actions that bring discredit to one's reputation, obligation to maintain confidentiality, obligation to devote oneself to one's duties, restrictions on political activities, isolation from private companies, etc.), employee organizations, and the National Personnel Authority system. The details are entrusted to the National Personnel Authority regulations. In 1999, the way was opened for national public servants to be reemployed up to age 65 after retiring at the retirement age (60). In addition, a rank system that classified government positions according to the type, complexity, and degree of responsibility of the job was a key element of this law, but it was never implemented since its enactment, and all provisions related to the rank system were deleted when the law was revised in 2007. The subsidiary laws of this Act include the Act on Salaries of General Employees (Act No. 95 of 1950), the National Public Servant Retirement Allowance Act (Act No. 182 of 1953), the National Public Servant Accident Compensation Act (Act No. 191 of 1951), the Pension Act (Act No. 48 of 1923), and the National Public Servant Mutual Aid Association Act (Act No. 128 of 1958), which together essentially form the National Public Servant Act. [Yasuhito Abe] [Reference items] | | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
国家公務員に適用される根本基準を定める法律。昭和22年法律第120号。明治憲法下においては官吏はすべて天皇の官吏とされていたため、官吏制度は天皇の任官大権(10条)に基づき勅令(文官任用令、文官分限令、文官懲戒令など)で定められていたが、日本国憲法においては、公務員はすべて全体の奉仕者であって、一部の奉仕者ではなく、官吏に関する事務は法律の定める基準による(15条2項、73条4号)とされた。これに基づき民主主義と科学的合理主義に徹した新しい公務員制度を導入したのが国家公務員法である。国家公務員を一般職と特別職に分けて、一般職の国家公務員にのみ適用されるとしている。 その基本原則は、平等原則と情勢適応の原則である。前者は、いっさいの非合理的な差別を禁止する趣旨であり、後者は、法律で定められる公務員の勤務条件を社会情勢の変化に適応するように人事院勧告制度を置くものである。このほか、任用の準則、身分保障の原則と分限・懲戒・定年、勤務条件措置要求と不利益処分に対する不服審査、服務(服従義務、争議行為禁止、信用失墜行為の禁止、守秘義務、職務専念義務、政治的行為の制限、私企業からの隔離など)、職員団体、人事院制度について規定する。その細目は人事院規則に委任されている。1999年(平成11)には国家公務員が定年(60歳)で退職したのち65歳まで再雇用される道が開かれた。また、官職を職務の種類および複雑さと責任の度に応じて分類する職階制は本法の要(かなめ)であったが、制定以来実施されることはなく、2007年(平成19)の改正により、職階制に関する規定はすべて削除された。 本法の付属法令としては、一般職の職員の給与に関する法律(昭和25年法律第95号)、国家公務員退職手当法(昭和28年法律第182号)、国家公務員災害補償法(昭和26年法律第191号)、恩給法(大正12年法律第48号)、国家公務員共済組合法(昭和33年法律第128号)などがあり、これらが全体として実質的意味での国家公務員法を形成している。 [阿部泰隆] [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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