Zenith - Tencho

Japanese: 天頂 - てんちょう
Zenith - Tencho

Here, we refer to what is called the astronomical zenith. This is the point where a vertical line (the direction of the Earth's gravity. The Earth's gravity is the resultant force of the Earth's gravitational force and the centrifugal force of its rotation) extends upward and intersects with the celestial sphere. As is clear from the definition, the zenith is a point at an altitude of 90 degrees. The angular distance from the zenith to a celestial body is called the zenith distance, which is the complement of the altitude (one of two right angles). The great circle that passes through the zenith and the North Celestial Pole (the northern point where a straight line extending the Earth's axis of rotation intersects with the celestial sphere; the southern point is called the South Celestial Pole) is the prime meridian.

At the zenith, there is theoretically no atmospheric refraction (stars appear to be shifted toward the zenith from their actual positions due to the refraction of light by the atmosphere), so to determine precise latitude and time, the zenith distance and meridian crossing time of fixed stars that pass very close to the zenith due to their diurnal motion are observed. For this reason, a special telescope that is always made to face the zenith is called a zenith telescope.

[Naoaki Owaki]

[Reference items] | Plumb line | Meridian | Celestial sphere | Zenith globe | Nadir

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ここでは天文天頂とよばれるものをさすことにする。これは鉛直線(地球の重力の方向。地球の重力とは、地球の引力と自転遠心力の合力をいう)を上方に延長し、天球と交わった点をいう。天頂はその定義から明らかなように、高度90度の点である。天頂から天体までの角距離を天頂距離といい、これは高度の余角(直角になる二つの角の一方)である。天頂と天の北極(地球の自転軸を延長した直線が天球と交わる点のうち北のものをいい、南のものは天の南極という)を通る大円が子午線である。

 天頂では大気差(大気による光の屈折のため、本来の位置より星が天頂方向にずれて見えること)が理論上なくなるので、精密な緯度や時刻の決定には、日周運動により天頂のきわめて近くを通る恒星の天頂距離や子午線通過時刻を観測する。このため、つねに天頂を向くようにつくられた特別の望遠鏡を天頂儀という。

[大脇直明]

[参照項目] | 鉛直線 | 子午線 | 天球 | 天頂儀 | 天底

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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