Staatslehre (German: State Studies)

Japanese: 国家学 - こっかがく(英語表記)Staatslehre ドイツ語
Staatslehre (German: State Studies)

What is usually called "state science" refers to research on the principles, institutions, and structures of the state that developed in 19th century Germany, and is also known as "general state science" because it deals with states in general rather than specific states. Representative scholars include G. Jellinek, H. Kelsen, and H. Heller. In Germany, encyclopedic, general and comprehensive research on the state is called "state (sciences)" (Staatswissenschaften), philosophical research on the state is called "state philosophy" (Staatsphilosophie), and the history of philosophical and scientific consideration of the state is called "state theory" (Staatstheorie) in general, and are distinguished from "state science". In terms of its content, "state science" overlaps largely with Anglo-American "political science," so in Japan it has gradually been replaced by political science. In Germany, politics was not broadly viewed as a social phenomenon but was limited to a national phenomenon, so state science developed instead of political science. In the study of the state, the content and the way it is handled differ depending on whether the emphasis is on the social or legal aspects of the state. When the emphasis is on the legal aspects, it is also called "state law" (Staatsrechtslehre) and is close to constitutional law. Research that emphasizes the social aspects overlaps with today's "political science" and "political sociology." In Germany after the Second World War, books bearing the name "state science" were still published, but research in "political science" was also actively conducted.

[Yoshiaki Iizaka]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

普通「国家学」とよばれるものは、19世紀ドイツで発達した国家の原理、制度、体制などに関する研究をさし、特定国家ではなく国家一般を取り扱うものとして「一般国家学」の名でも知られている。代表的学者としては、G・イェリネック、H・ケルゼン、H・ヘラーなどがあげられる。ドイツでは国家に関する百科事典的な全般的・総合的研究を称して「国家(諸)科学」Staatswissenschaftenとよび、国家に関する哲学的研究を「国家哲学」Staatsphilosophie、国家に関する哲学的・科学的考察の歴史を総括的に「国家論」Staatstheorieと名づけて「国家学」と区別する。「国家学」はその内容において英米流の「政治学」と多分に重なるので、わが国では政治学にしだいにとってかわられるようになった。ドイツでは政治を広く社会現象とせず国家現象として限定的にとらえたので、政治学ではなく国家学が発達した。国家学においては、国家の社会的側面と法的側面のいずれに力点を置くかによって、その内容や取り扱い方法が異なる。法的側面を重視する場合、それは「国法学」Staatsrechtslehreともよばれ、憲法学に接近する。社会的側面を重視する研究は今日の「政治学」や「政治社会学」と重なる。第二次世界大戦後のドイツでは依然「国家学」の名を冠する本が出版されているが、「政治学」の研究も盛んに行われている。

[飯坂良明]

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