International Canal - kokusaiunga (English spelling) international canal

Japanese: 国際運河 - こくさいうんが(英語表記)international canal
International Canal - kokusaiunga (English spelling) international canal

A canal is an artificial waterway whose management and use are internationalized based on an international treaty. Traditionally, the Kiel Canal, the Suez Canal, and the Panama Canal have been considered examples. However, the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles, which stipulated the internationalization of the Kiel Canal, which connects the North Sea and the Baltic Sea, are considered to have expired, and the Treaty of Constantinople, which stipulated the internationalization of the Suez Canal, which connects the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea, lost its meaning due to the nationalization of the canal by Egypt, so strictly speaking, canals are no longer internationalized canals.

The Panama Canal, located on the isthmus of Central America, was internationalized by two treaties in the early 20th century, and the canal has been open to all commercial and military ships under the principles of equality and freedom. On September 7, 1977, Panama and the United States concluded a new treaty on the Panama Canal, which made the canal permanently neutral and agreed that the United States would have the rights necessary for the management, operation, maintenance, and defense of the canal, and promised to return management of the canal to Panama at the end of 1999, which was done at noon on December 31, 1999.

[Kou Nakamura]

Panama Canal
The canal connects the Caribbean port of Cristobal (Colon) and the Pacific port of Balboa (Panama City). The photo shows the Miraflores Locks. Panama City, Panama ©Shogakukan ">

Panama Canal


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

国際条約に基づいて、運河の管理と利用とが国際化されている人工的水路をいう。従来、キール運河、スエズ運河、パナマ運河がその例とされてきた。しかし、北海とバルト海を結ぶキール運河の国際化を定めたベルサイユ条約の規定は失効したものとみられ、また地中海と紅海を結ぶスエズ運河の国際化を規定したコンスタンティノープル条約は、エジプトによる運河の国有化によって意味を失ったため、厳密には国際化された運河ではなくなった。

 中米の地峡に設けられたパナマ運河は、20世紀初頭の二つの条約によって国際化され、運河はすべての商船、軍艦のために、平等・自由の原則に従って開放されてきた。1977年9月7日、パナマとアメリカは、パナマ運河に関する新しい条約を結び、運河を永久中立化し、アメリカは運河の管理、運営、維持、防衛に必要な権利をもつことを合意するとともに、1999年末に運河の管理権をパナマに返還することを約束し、99年12月31日正午に返還した。

[中村 洸]

パナマ運河
カリブ海側のクリストバル港(コロン)と太平洋側のバルボア港(パナマ市)をつなぐ運河。写真は、ミラフロレス閘門。パナマ パナマ市©Shogakukan">

パナマ運河


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