Drag - force

Japanese: 抗力 - こうりょく
Drag - force

When an object moves through a fluid (gas or liquid), such as an airplane or ship, it receives a force from the surrounding fluid, and the component of this force that is opposite to the speed is called drag (or resistance). When an airplane or ship moves at a constant speed, the thrust from the propellers and other parts of the body balances the drag. Raindrops falling from the sky also fall at a constant speed near the ground, because gravity and the drag from the air are balanced.

The causes of drag vary depending on the type of surrounding fluid and the shape, size, and speed of the moving object. When a small object moves slowly, a force proportional to the speed acts on it due to the viscosity of the surrounding fluid. For example, when a ball of radius a moves at a small speed v, it experiences a drag force of 6πηav, where η is the viscosity of the surrounding fluid. This is called Stokes' Law. This law holds when ρva/η (Reynolds number, ρ is the density of the fluid) is sufficiently smaller than 1, and as the speed increases, the drag increases more than the force given by this formula.

As the speed increases further, vortices are formed behind the object, which rapidly increases the drag. The shapes of objects that move at high speeds, such as cars, trains, airplanes and ships, are designed to reduce this drag. If the speed increases further and exceeds the speed of sound waves in the surrounding fluid, the object creates shock waves as it moves forward, and the pressure in front of the object becomes very high, causing the drag to become very large. In the case of a ship, the waves created on the water surface also increase the drag. When an object slides or rolls over the surface of a solid, the force acting against the direction of motion due to friction is also called drag.

[Wada Yatsumi]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

飛行機や船などの場合のように、物体が流体(気体や液体)の中を運動するとき、周りの流体から力を受けるが、その力の、速度と反対向きの成分を抗力(あるいは抵抗力)という。飛行機や船が等速度で進行しているときには、プロペラなどによる推力が抗力とつり合っている。空から落下する雨滴も、地上近くでは重力と空気から受ける抗力とがつり合って等速度で落ちてくる。

 抗力が生ずる原因は、周りの流体の種類、運動する物体の形、大きさ、速さなどによっていろいろである。小さな物体がゆっくり動くときには、周りの流体の粘性のために、速さに比例した力が働く。たとえば、半径aの球が小さな速度vで動くとき、6πηavの抗力を受ける。ηは周りの流体の粘性率である。これをストークスの法則という。この法則が成立するのはρva/η(レイノルズ数、ρは流体の密度)が1より十分小さいときで、速度が大きくなると抗力はこの式で与えられるより増大する。

 さらに速度が大きくなると、物体の後方に渦ができ、これが抗力を急激に増大させる。自動車、列車、飛行機や船など、高速度で運動する物体は、この抗力を小さくするよう、その形が設計されている。さらに速度が増大し、周りの流体中の音波の速度より大きくなると、物体は衝撃波をつくりつつ進み、物体の前面の圧力が非常に高くなるので、抗力は非常に大きくなる。船の場合には水面上に波をつくることも抗力を大きくする。固体の表面を別の物体が滑りながら、また転がりながら運動するとき、摩擦により運動方向に逆向きに働く力も抗力とよばれる。

[和田八三久]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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