A living organism that flourished in the past and still survives in some form. It refers to a relic species or relic. For example, it can refer to a quantitative one, such as the bison in Europe and North America, which once had a large population but has now decreased in number. It can also refer to a geographical one, such as the rock ptarmigan in Japan and the metasequoia plant, whose ancestors or relatives were once distributed over a wide area but are now only distributed in a small area. It can also be environmental, such as the seals of Lake Baikal, which retain characteristics that adapted to their previous living environment in a new environment. The oyster shell and the striped nightshade shell are known as examples of lineages that have not evolved much from ancient times to the present. Rhinoceroses and tapirs are said to be taxonomic "living fossils," so to speak, because they once had many species but now have few relatives. Ginkgo trees, coelacanths, tuataras, and nautiluses are notable examples of "living fossils" in terms of quantity, geography, phylogeny, and taxonomy. There are many "living fossils" among living organisms, about 200 types of animals and about 100 types of plants. According to the fossil record, all living organisms have a history of creation, change, development, and extinction, so "living fossils" are not special exceptions, but simply mean that they have reached a stage where they have survived as living organisms. If we look at the present as a cross-section on the path from the past to the future, we can make the extreme case that living organisms are a collection of things that will eventually become "living fossils." Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
過去に栄えていた生物が,現在でもなんらかの形で生残っているものをいう。遺存種あるいはレリックのこと。たとえば,ヨーロッパや北アメリカにいるバイソンのように,かつては個体数が多かったが現在ではその数が減ってしまったというように数量的なものをさす場合がある。また,日本にいるライチョウや植物のメタセコイアのように,その祖先や仲間が昔は広い地域に分布していたのに,いまでは狭い地域にのみ分布するにすぎないという地理的な場合もある。バイカル湖のアザラシのように,以前の生活環境に適応した形質を新しい環境でも残しているような,環境上の場合もある。シャミセンガイやタテスジホオズキガイは,大昔から現在まであまり進化しないでいる系統の例として知られる。サイやバクは,昔は多種類の仲間がいたにもかかわらず,いまでは仲間が少くなった,いわば分類的な「生きている化石」といわれる。イチョウ (銀杏),シーラカンス,ムカシトカゲやオウムガイなどは,数量的にも地理的にも系統的にも分類的にも「生きている化石」としての顕著な例である。現生生物のなかには多数の「生きている化石」があって,動物で約 200種類,植物で約 100種類にもなる。化石の記録によれば,生物種はすべて生成,変化,発展,消滅の歴史をもつので,「生きている化石」というのは特別の例外ではなく,現在,生物として細々と生残った段階に達したという意味にすぎない。過去から未来に向う途中の一断面としての現在をみると,やがては「生きている化石」となるものの集りがすなわち現生生物であると極論できる。
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