Surrender - surrender; capitulation

Japanese: 降伏 - こうふく（英語表記）surrender; capitulation

It refers to the cease of hostilities by the armies or warships of one side in a war against the enemy and the surrender of the other side to the enemy. (1) There are two types of surrender: by surrender terms and unconditional surrender. In the former, the commanders of both sides negotiate the terms of surrender through a military envoy carrying a white flag, and the terms of surrender are drawn up and the surrender is made according to the conditions set out in the terms. In the latter, the side surrenders by carrying a white flag to indicate the end of all military resistance, and in this case the enemy must accept the surrender. (2) Unconditional surrender After World War I, the idea that war is illegal became stronger, and unconditional surrender came to have a special meaning. The aggressor was considered a criminal under international law and was no longer allowed to be a party to peace as an equal party, and the defending country had the right to demand unconditional surrender from the aggressor and end the war. It was for this reason that F. Roosevelt called for "unconditional surrender" from the Axis powers at the Casablanca Conference. This idea called for a review of the previous peace treaty procedures regarding the method of ending the state of war with an aggressor nation, but the methods used to end World War II varied between the Allied Powers and the former Axis powers.

Surrender
abhicara

To subdue evil thoughts, worldly desires, or demons and evil spirits by using the divine power of a Buddha or other deity. Also called subjugation.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

交戦中の一方の軍隊や軍艦が敵に対して敵対行為をやめて，みずからを敵にゆだねることをいう。 (1) 降伏規約による場合と無条件降伏とがある。前者は白旗を掲げる軍使を介して，両軍隊の指揮官の間で降伏の条件に関する交渉を行い，降伏規約を作成し，その規約に定める条件に従って降伏するものである。後者は一切の軍事的抵抗をやめることを示すための白旗を掲げて降伏する場合で，この場合には敵はその降伏を受入れなければならない。 (2) 無条件降伏　第1次世界大戦以後，戦争を違法であるとする考え方が強くなり，無条件降伏に特別な意義が含められるようになった。侵略者は国際法の犯罪者であるとみなされ，対等の当事者として講和の相手方となることを許されなくなり，防衛国側は侵略国に無条件降伏を要求して，戦争を終結する権利を有するとする。 F.ルーズベルトがカサブランカ会議で枢軸国に「無条件降伏 unconditional surrender」を求めたのはこの意味による。この考え方は侵略国との間の戦争状態終結の方法についても従来の講和条約の手続の見直しをせまるものであるが，第2次世界大戦の終結方法について，連合国と旧枢軸各国との間でとられた方法はまちまちであった。