A branch of sociology that examines family life from the perspectives of institutions, groups, lifestyles, relationships, and behavior. Research methods include the traditional institutional, morphological, structural-functional, situational, interactive, and developmental approaches, as well as feminist, lifestyle, and constructivist approaches today. It can be said that sociological research into the family began with the establishment of sociology. Auguste Comte, who is said to be the founder of sociology, focused on the family as a unit connecting the individual and society. However, as will be discussed below, it was not until near the middle of the 20th century that the sociology of the family as referred to here was established. Several sources and stages have been identified when tracing the history of family sociology, but roughly speaking, In the first period, works collectively called social evolutionism, such as Bachofen's Maternal Right (1861), J. F. MacLennan's Primitive Marriage (1865), and Engels' The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State (1884), were based on folk materials that had just begun to accumulate at that time. On the other hand, Westermarck's The History of Marriage (1891) is known as a theory that opposes them. In the second period, studies of lower-class families were conducted from the perspective of social reform amid the industrialization and urbanization of Western society. These include Le Play's The European Worker (1855) and Booth's Life and Work of Londoners (1891-1903). At this stage, social survey methods were introduced, marking the first step toward empirical science. In the third period, mainly American researchers began to approach science from a sociological perspective. In particular, The Family (1945) by Burgess et al. contributed greatly to the subsequent development. In the fourth period, or the present, the systematization and empirical theorization of family sociology is progressing under the pioneering works of Reuben L. Hill (1912-1985), author of The Family Under Stress and contributing to the classification of approaches to family research, and William J. Goode (1917-2003), author of The World Revolution and Family Types (1963). In Japan, Toda Teizo's Family Structure (1937) can be considered a pioneering study, followed by Kitano Seiichi (1900-1982), Ariga Kizaemon, Koyama Takashi, Suzuki Eitaro, and Himeoka Tsutomu (1907-1970) and others who studied the Japanese family, and Okada Yuzuru, Shimizu Morimitsu (1904-1974), Makino Tatsumi (1905-1974) and others who studied the Chinese family. Especially since the latter half of the 1980s, attention has been focused on diversifying family structures, and attention is now being paid not only to the family as an institution or as a group as in the past, but also to the family as a lifestyle seen from the perspective of the individual. For this reason, criticism and controversy have arisen against the analytical perspective that regards the nuclear family as the standard family. [Mitsuyoshi Masuda and Hisaya Nonoyama] "Introduction to Modern Sociology 3: Family" by W.J. Goode, translated by Matsubara Jiro and Yamamura Ken (1967, Shiseido)" ▽ "Sociology Lectures 3: Family Sociology" edited by Morioka Kiyomi (1972, University of Tokyo Press)" ▽ "Revised Family Sociology" edited by Ohashi Kaoru and Masuda Mitsuyoshi (1976, Kawashima Shoten)" ▽ "Collection of Essays on Family Sociology" by Himeoka Tsutomu (1983, Minerva Shobo) ▽ "Introduction to Family Sociology" by Mochizuki Takashi (1996, Baifukan) ▽ "New Family Sociology" by Morioka Kiyomi and Mochizuki Takashi (1997, Baifukan)" ▽ "Introduction to Family Sociology: Theories and Techniques of Family Research" edited by Nonoyama Hisaya and Watanabe Hideki (1999, Bunka Shobo Hakubunsha)" ▽ "Analytical Perspectives of Family Sociology" edited by Nonoyama Hisaya and Shimizu Hiroaki (2001, Minerva Shobo) " ▽ "Paradigm Revolution of the Modern Family" by Nonoyama Hisaya (2007, University of Tokyo Press)" ▽ "Handbook of Issues in Family Sociology" edited by Nonoyama Hisaya (2009, Sekai Shisosha) [References] | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
家族生活を、制度、集団、ライフスタイル、関係、行為などの側面から考察する社会学の一分野。研究方法としては、従来の制度的接近、形態的接近、構造・機能的接近、状況的接近、相互作用的接近、発達的接近に加えて、今日ではフェミニズム論的接近、ライフスタイル論的接近、構築主義的接近などがある。家族の社会学的研究は社会学の成立とともに始まったといってよい。社会学の創始者ともいわれるオーギュスト・コントは、個人と社会を結ぶ単位として家族に注目した。しかし以下に述べるように、ここにいう家族社会学が成立したのは20世紀なかば近くになってからである。家族社会学の歩みをたどるとき、いくつかの源流や段階が指摘されているが、おおまかには、 第1期は、バッハオーフェンの『母権論』(1861)、マクレナンJ. F. MacLennanの『原始婚姻論』(1865)、エンゲルスの『家族、私有財産および国家の起原』(1884)など、社会進化論と総称される研究が、当時ようやく集積され始めた民俗資料に基づいて行われた。一方、それらに対立する学説としては、ウェスターマークの『人類婚姻史』(1891)が知られている。第2期は、欧米社会の産業化、都市化のなかで、社会改良的な見地から行われた下層階級家族の研究である。ル・プレーの『ヨーロッパの労働者』(1855)、ブースの『ロンドン市民の生活と労働』(1891~1903)などがそれである。この段階では、社会調査の方法が導入され、経験科学への第一歩を踏み出した。第3期は、主としてアメリカの研究者によって社会学の立場から科学的な接近が開始された時期である。なかでもバージェスらの『家族』(1945)は、その後の展開に大きく寄与した。第4期すなわち現在は、『ストレス下の家族』を著し、家族研究の接近方法の分類にも貢献したヒルReuben L. Hill(1912―1985)、『世界革命と家族類型』(1963)を著したグードWilliam J. Goode(1917―2003)らを先駆として、家族社会学の体系化、実証的理論化が進められている。 日本の場合、戸田貞三(とだていぞう)の『家族構成』(1937)はその先駆的研究といえる。その後、日本の家族については喜多野清一(きたのせいいち)(1900―1982)、有賀喜左衞門(あるがきざえもん)、小山隆(たかし)、鈴木栄太郎、姫岡勤(ひめおかつとむ)(1907―1970)らの研究が、中国の家族などについては岡田謙(ゆずる)、清水盛光(もりみつ)(1904―1974)、牧野巽(たつみ)(1905―1974)らの研究がこれに続いている。 とくに1980年代後半以降、多様化する家族のあり方への注目が主流となり、これまでのような制度としての家族、あるいは集団としての家族だけでなく、個人の視点からとらえられるライフスタイルとしての家族が注目されている。それだけに核家族形態の夫婦制家族を標準家族としてとらえる分析視角への批判や論争が生じている。 [増田光吉・野々山久也] 『W・J・グード著、松原治郎・山村健訳『現代社会学入門3 家族』(1967・至誠堂)』▽『森岡清美編『社会学講座3 家族社会学』(1972・東京大学出版会)』▽『大橋薫・増田光吉編『改訂 家族社会学』(1976・川島書店)』▽『姫岡勤著『家族社会学論集』(1983・ミネルヴァ書房)』▽『望月嵩著『家族社会学入門』(1996・培風館)』▽『森岡清美・望月嵩著『新しい家族社会学』(1997・培風館)』▽『野々山久也・渡辺秀樹編著『家族社会学入門――家族研究の理論と技法』(1999・文化書房博文社)』▽『野々山久也・清水浩昭編著『家族社会学の分析視角』(2001・ミネルヴァ書房)』▽『野々山久也著『現代家族のパラダイム革新』(2007・東京大学出版会)』▽『野々山久也編『論点ハンドブック家族社会学』(2009・世界思想社)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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