This is a foreign exchange rate theory proposed by Swedish economist G. Cassel, which attempts to explain the determination or fluctuation of exchange rates by changes in the purchasing power of money, i.e., price fluctuations. During and after World War I, many countries abandoned the gold standard and switched to a paper standard, but Cassel argued that even under this system, there was a standard for fluctuations in exchange rates, just like the gold parity under the gold standard. This was purchasing power parity. The basic idea is that each country's currency has purchasing power to purchase goods and services. Exchange rates should be determined so that the purchasing power of each currency is exactly equal, and this is where the name purchasing power parity theory comes from. If the yen-dollar exchange rate were actually higher (120 yen = 1 dollar) than the purchasing power parity (for example, 100 yen = 1 dollar), Americans would be able to get more goods and services by converting dollars to yen at the actual exchange rate that is favorable for imports, rather than purchasing domestic goods and services with dollars. Therefore, imports would increase in the United States and the current account would be in deficit, while exports would increase and Japan would be in surplus, and dollars would be sold and yen would be bought in the foreign exchange market. As a result, the dollar would become cheaper, and in this case, a purchasing power parity of 100 yen = 1 dollar would eventually be established. By the way, the purchasing power of a currency is nothing but the price level, if you express it the other way around. This is because being able to buy a lot of goods and services with that currency is the same as prices being low. Therefore, Theoretically, the idea and calculation method known as the "relative purchasing power parity theory" is commonly used. It is based on the assumption that the relative prices and weights of traded goods and non-traded goods in each country do not change. In other words, the exchange rate (purchasing power parity) is determined by taking the year in which the current accounts of the two countries were in equilibrium as the base year, and factoring in the difference in the rate of price fluctuations in the two countries thereafter into the exchange rate at that time, which ultimately means that the exchange rate will fluctuate to bring the current accounts into equilibrium, reflecting changes in the price competitiveness of the two countries.This is an easy-to-understand idea, in which the exchange rate of a country whose prices have risen and whose price competitiveness has declined will fall by that amount. However, today, international economic transactions are far more dominated by capital transactions than current transactions of goods and services, and international capital transactions are conducted instantaneously and in huge quantities, resulting in a large amount of foreign currency being bought and sold in the foreign exchange market. For this reason, the purchasing power parity theory is no longer valid in the short term, and instead, the asset approach theory has emerged as a theory for determining short-term exchange rates. However, since purchasing power parity is an exchange rate that reflects the price competitiveness of the two countries in their trade, it can be said to be the long-term fair exchange rate for both countries, and in the long term, the actual exchange rates also tend to converge in that direction, so it is still valid today as a long-term standard for judgment. For example, in discussions of the "renminbi problem" in China, which is essentially close to a fixed exchange rate against the dollar and is considered to be undervalued compared to its true value, the basis for judgment is how undervalued the actual renminbi-dollar exchange rate is compared to the purchasing power parity calculated using this theory. [Rokuro Tsuchiya and Seiichi Nakajo] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
スウェーデンの経済学者G・カッセルが唱えた外国為替(かわせ)相場理論で、為替相場の決定ないし変動要因を貨幣の購買力の変化、すなわち物価の変動によって説明しようとしたもの。第一次世界大戦中から戦後にかけて各国は金本位制を停止し紙幣本位制となったが、彼は、この制度のもとでも金本位制における金平価と同様に、為替相場の変動には基準があることを主張した。それが購買力平価である。 基本的な考え方は、「各国通貨はそれぞれの国において、財やサービスを購入する購買力をもつ。その通貨のもつ購買力がちょうど等しくなるように為替相場は決定されるべきである」ということにあり、購買力平価説という名称の由来もそこにある。もし、現実に円・ドル為替相場が、購買力平価(たとえば、100円=1ドル)に比べてドル高(120円=1ドル)になっていたとすれば、アメリカの人々は、ドルで自国商品・サービスを購入するより、輸入に有利な現実の為替相場でドルを円にかえて輸入したほうが、より多くの商品、サービスを手にすることができる。したがって、アメリカでは輸入が増えて経常収支は赤字、日本は輸出が増えて黒字になり、外国為替市場では、ドル売り・円買いが起こる。その結果、ドルは安くなっていき、この場合は最終的に100円=1ドルという購買力平価が成立するというものである。 ところで、通貨の購買力というのは、逆に表現すれば物価水準にほかならない。その通貨でたくさん財・サービスが買えるということは、物価が安いということと同じだからである。したがって、 理論的には、「相対的購買力平価説」とよばれる考え方、計算方法が一般的に使用されている。それは、それぞれの国で貿易取引される貿易財とされない非貿易財の相対価格とウエイトが変わらないという仮定に立って、 つまり、両国の経常収支が均衡していた年を基準として、その時の為替相場にその後の両国の物価の変動率の格差を織り込んで、為替相場(購買力平価)が決まるということであり、結局は両国の価格競争力の変化を反映しながら、経常収支が均衡するように為替相場は変動するということを意味する。より物価が上昇し、価格競争力が低下した国の為替相場は、その分下落するというわかりやすい考え方である。 しかし、今日では国際経済取引は、財・サービスという経常取引より、はるかに資本取引が上回っており、しかも国際資本取引は瞬時に膨大な取引がなされ、それによって、外国為替市場で外貨の売買が大量になされている。このため、購買力平価説は短期的には成立しなくなり、かわって短期の為替相場決定理論として、アセット・アプローチ理論が登場している。ただし、購買力平価は、両国の貿易における価格競争力を反映した為替相場であることから、両国の長期適正為替相場といえること、あるいは長期的には現実の為替相場もその方向に収斂(しゅうれん)する傾向があることなどから、長期的な判断基準としては、今日でも有効性をもっている。たとえば、ドルに対して実質上固定相場に近く、その実力に比べて過小評価ではないかとされる中国の「人民元問題」などの議論では、この説によって計算された人民元・ドルの購買力平価に対して、現実の人民元・ドル為替相場がいかに割安になっているかを判断材料にしてなされている。 [土屋六郎・中條誠一] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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