Kamino Makunisho

Japanese: 神野真国荘 - こうのまくにのしょう

This manor was located in Naka-gun, Kii Province, and covered the area around the Kishi River and its tributary, the Makuni River, which flow through Misato-cho (now Kimino-cho), Wakayama Prefecture. When it was first established, it consisted of one manor, but after the mid-Kamakura period, it was divided into two manors: Kamino-sho in the Kishi River basin and Makuni-sho in the Makuni River basin to the north. At the time of its establishment, the area of Sarukawa-sho to the east was also considered to have been part of the manor, but it seems to have been separated in the early Kamakura period. This manor was originally the ancestral private land of Naga Yoritomo, a resident of Kii Province, but after a series of events including donations to Mt. Koya and confiscation by the provincial government, it was established as a manor in 1142 with Toba-in as the head family and Fujiwara Shigenori as the lord, and the manor was established the following year. However, due to its past donations to Mt. Koya, it is required to pay 10 koku of land-based rice to Mt. Koya every year. The "Map of Kanno-Makoku-sho", created in the year of the establishment of the manor, shows three villages in the manor: Awata-mura, Kanno, and Sarukawa-mura, and lists the manor's guardian deity, Jusansho Daimyojin, and Kumano Shingu. From then until the Jokyu War, the head family position passed to Emperor Juntoku via Hachijo Nyoin, and the position of lord passed from the Fujiwara Shigenori family to Toji (Kyoogokokuji) Choja Teiyoshi, Yamashiro Jingo-ji, and then to Azechi Fujiwara Mitsuchika. After the war, both positions were confiscated by the shogunate, and after the return, Gotakakura-in inherited both positions, and in 1221, Takakura-in donated the position of lord to Koyasan. The shogunate also appointed Hojo Tokiuji as land steward, but Koyasan succeeded in abolishing the position, and no land steward was appointed thereafter. Koyasan maintained this manor until the end of the Middle Ages, but there are no historical documents that show the field. According to the above-mentioned drawing, Kamino-Makoku-sho bordered on the north with Arakawa-gosho (Arakawa-sho), on the east with Tomobuchi-gosono (Kurabuchi-sho), on the west with Nogami-gosho, and on the south with Ategawa-sho (Ategawa-sho). However, from the Heian period to the Kamakura period, there was a long-running border dispute with Nogami-sho, which was under the control of Yamashiro Iwashimizu Hachiman-gu Shrine, and in the Kamakura period there was a dispute with Genshin Ajari over the ownership of the villages of Ogawa and Shibame (in 1333, by imperial decree of Emperor Go-Daigo, the two villages became the territory of Koyasan). As two Koya Highways ran along the Kishi River and the Makuni River, during the time of the Toba Emperor's estate, various chores were imposed on the Emperor when he visited Kumano. Among these, offerings of vegetables and sweets to be served on the Emperor's meals were given special importance, and the people of the manor were required to deliver these to designated lodgings along the route by a certain date. In addition, the Ryujin Highway branched off from the Koya Highway along the Kishi River, and a market had been established at the branch point (Kano Market) since the Kamakura period. The villages of the former Kaminosho and Makunisho were also included in the territory of Mount Koya in the early modern period.

Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About MyPedia Information

Japanese:

紀伊国那賀(なか)郡にあった荘園で，和歌山県美里町（現・紀美野町）を流れる貴志(きし)川とその支流真国川の流域一帯を占めた。立券当初は１荘であったが，鎌倉中期以降，貴志川流域の神野荘とその北に続く真国川流域の真国荘の２荘に分立。なお成立時には東隣の猿川(さるかわ)荘の地域も当荘内であったとみられるが，鎌倉初期には分離したようである。当荘はもと紀伊国住人長依友の先祖相伝の私領であったが，高野(こうや)山への寄進，国衙(こくが)による収公などの経緯ののち，1142年本家を鳥羽院，領家を藤原成通家とする荘園として成立，翌年立券された。ただしかつて高野山へ寄進した縁由から毎年地利米10石を高野山へ納めることになっている。立券の年に作成された《神野真国庄絵図》には荘内の村として〈粟田村〉〈神野〉〈猿川村〉の３村がみえ，荘鎮守〈十三所大明神〉や熊野新宮が記されている。以後承久の乱までに，本家職は八条女院などを経て順徳天皇に移り，領家職も藤原成通家から東寺（教王護国寺）長者禎喜，山城神護寺などへ渡ったあと按察使(あぜち)藤原光親が所持していた。乱後，両職ともに幕府に没収され，還付後は後高倉院が両職をともに相続，1221年後高倉院から領家職が高野山に寄進された。幕府はまた北条時氏を地頭に補任(ぶにん)したが，高野山は地頭職の停廃に成功，以後地頭は置かれなかった。高野山は当荘を中世末まで維持しているが，田積が知られる史料はない。前掲の絵図によると神野真国荘は北は〈荒河御庄〉（荒川荘），東は〈鞆淵(ともぶち)御薗〉（鞍淵荘），西は〈野上(のかみ)御庄〉，南は〈阿弖川(あてがわ)庄〉（阿【て】河荘）と接していたが，平安時代から鎌倉時代にかけて山城石清水(いわしみず)八幡宮領野上荘との間で境相論が長く続き，鎌倉時代には小河(おがわ)・柴目(しばめ)両村の領有をめぐって玄親阿闍梨(あじゃり)との間で争いがあった（1333年後醍醐天皇の勅裁により両村は高野山領となる）。貴志川および真国川に沿って２本の高野街道が通るため，鳥羽院領の時代には院の熊野御幸に際してさまざまな雑事を課されていたが，なかでも院の食膳に上る供御(くご)野菜や菓子が重視され，荘民たちはこれらを御幸の路次にある所定の宿所に，所定の期日までに確実に届けるよう要求されていた。なお貴志川沿いの高野街道から分岐する竜神(りゅうじん)街道もあり，分岐点（神野市場）には鎌倉時代から市が立っていた。旧神野荘・真国荘の村々は近世にも高野山領とされた。

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