Explanation - Somei

Japanese: 疎明 - そめい
Explanation - Somei

It is a type of proof in a broad sense, and refers to giving the court a presumption that something is probable. In determining certain procedural facts, the law requires that a mere showing of facts be made.

[Ichiro Uchida]

Presentment in criminal proceedings

For example, (1) an immediate appeal may be filed against a decision to transfer a case or a decision to reject a request for transfer only if the decision significantly harms the interests of the accused, showing the reasons (Criminal Procedure Law, Article 19, Paragraph 3). (2) When a public prosecutor or a judicial police officer is unable to observe the time limit due to unavoidable circumstances, the public prosecutor may request the detention of the suspect, showing the reasons to the judge (Criminal Procedure Law, Article 206, Paragraph 1). (3) To request the first pretrial examination of a witness, the public prosecutor must show the reason why the examination of a witness is necessary and that it is essential to prove the crime (Criminal Procedure Law, Article 227, Paragraph 2). (4) The appeal brief must be accompanied by the necessary materials to show the evidence or a letter of guarantee from the public prosecutor or defense counsel, as provided for in the Criminal Procedure Law or the rules of the court (Criminal Procedure Law, Article 376, Paragraph 2). (5) In investigating the grounds for appeal, the appellate court may examine facts, but in principle, such facts are limited to those appearing in the case records and evidence examined by the original court. However, if there are unavoidable reasons for not being able to request an examination in the first instance, such facts may be cited in the appeal brief (Article 382-2 of the same law). If the appellant demonstrates such unavoidable reasons, the appellate court must examine such facts only if they are indispensable to prove an injustice of the sentence or an error of fact (Article 393-1 of the same law).

[Ichiro Uchida and Morikazu Taguchi]

Presentment in civil litigation

It refers to a proof that is slightly lower than proof and forms the impression that the facts are likely to be true or that there is no doubt about them, in terms of the judge's degree of belief about the facts. Whether or not such a degree of probability has been attained is up to the judge's discretionary opinion, as in the case of proof. Prima facie evidence is permitted by law in principle, and is expressly provided for in cases where proof is not required, mainly due to the need for speed. Cases where prima facie evidence is required or considered sufficient include when applying for the appointment of a special representative (Civil Procedure Act, Article 35, Paragraph 1), when objecting to intervention as an auxiliary (Civil Procedure Act, Article 44, Paragraph 1), when filing a petition for a provisional relief order (Civil Provisional Remedy Act, Article 13), and when seeking litigation relief (Civil Procedure Rules, Article 30).

These include cases where requiring proof of a derivative dispute in a lawsuit would delay the actual proceedings, cases where frivolous claims are prevented, and cases where the existence of rights and obligations is provisionally confirmed. Therefore, in the case of prima facie evidence, the evidence is limited to that which can be examined immediately (Civil Procedure Act Article 188).

[Takeyoshi Uchida]

[Reference] | Transfer | Certification | Legal aid | Protective measures

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

広義の証明の一種であって、いちおう確からしいという推測を裁判所に与えることをいう。ある種の訴訟法的事実の認定にあたって、法は単に疎明があれば足りるものとしている。

[内田一郎]

刑事訴訟における疎明

たとえば、(1)事件の移送の決定または移送の請求を却下する決定に対しては、その決定により著しく利益を害される場合に限り、その事由を疎明して、即時抗告をすることができる(刑事訴訟法19条3項)。(2)検察官または司法警察員がやむをえない事情によって制限時間を遵守することができなかったときは、検察官は、裁判官にその事由を疎明して、被疑者の勾留(こうりゅう)を請求することができる(同法206条1項)。(3)第1回公判前の証人尋問の請求をするには、検察官は、証人尋問を必要とする理由およびそれが犯罪の証明に欠くことができないものであることを疎明しなければならない(同法227条2項)。(4)控訴趣意書には、刑事訴訟法または裁判所の規則の定めるところにより、必要な疎明資料または検察官もしくは弁護人の保証書を添付しなければならない(同法376条2項)。(5)控訴裁判所は、控訴理由を調査するにあたって、事実の取調べをすることができるが、その事実は、原則として、訴訟記録および原裁判所において取り調べた証拠に現れている事実に限られる。しかし、第一審で取調べを請求することができなかったことに、やむをえない事由がある場合には、その事実を控訴趣意書に援用することが許されている(同法382条の2)。そして、控訴申立人が、このやむをえない事由を疎明した場合には、控訴裁判所は、量刑不当または事実誤認を証明するために欠くことのできない場合に限り、この事実を取り調べなければならない(同法393条1項)。

[内田一郎・田口守一]

民事訴訟における疎明

裁判官の事実認定についての心証の程度に関し、証明よりも若干低く、いちおう真実らしいとか、たぶん間違いないであろうとの心証を形成させる程度の立証をいう。その程度の蓋然(がいぜん)性を得たかどうかは、証明の場合と同様に、裁判官の自由心証による。疎明は、主として迅速性の要請から証明を要求しなくともよい場合、原則として法律が明文を置いて認めている。疎明することを要し、または疎明で足りるとされる場合は、特別代理人の選任を申請する際(民事訴訟法35条1項)、補助参加についての異議の際(同法44条1項)、保全命令の申立ての際(民事保全法13条)、訴訟上の救助の際(民事訴訟規則30条)等である。

 それらは、訴訟上の派生的な争いについて証明を要求していては本来の訴訟手続を遅延させる場合、軽率な申立てを防止する場合、あるいは暫定的に権利義務の存否を確定することを認める場合などである。したがって疎明においては、証拠は即時に取り調べることのできるものに限られている(民事訴訟法188条)。

[内田武吉]

[参照項目] | 移送 | 証明 | 訴訟上の救助 | 保全処分

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