High Court (English: Parlement French)

Japanese: 高等法院 - こうとうほういん(英語表記)Parlement フランス語
High Court (English: Parlement French)

One of the Cours souveraines, the highest courts that served as the final judicial authority in the Kingdom of France from the 14th century to the end of the 18th century.

[Yoshio Shigaki]

Paris High Court

It has the widest jurisdiction in the kingdom. It originated as the Curia Regis (Royal Council), which was organized in the early 14th century. It originally consisted of three chambers: the Grand' Chambre, which heard appeals from lower courts, the Chambre des enquêtes, which adjudicated cases based on documentary evidence, and the Chambre des requêtes, which accepted petitions from litigants. In the 16th century, the Chamber of Criminal Affairs, which handled criminal cases, the Chamber of Fish, which heard cases related to the sale of sea fish, and the Chamber of Temporary Counsel, which was only open during the summer recess, were established one after another. In the 17th and 18th centuries, when the Estates General was not convened, it intervened in politics as the guardian of the fundamental law of the kingdom, and during the regency of Louis XV, when he was a child, it annulled the will of Louis XIV. The Parlement of Paris's powerful weapons were its right to register royal decrees and its right to petition; any legislation of the royal power could only take effect after it had been examined and registered by the Parlement. If the Parlement refused to register an act, it had to disclose its reasons in a verbal or written petition, which created tension with the royal power, and led to a direct confrontation with the monarchy. As a result of reforms by Chancellor René Nicolas Charles Augustin de Maupeou (1714-92), the Parlement of Paris and the local Parlements were abolished. However, they were restored to their original state with the start of the reign of Louis XVI. The Parlement of Paris led the Aristocratic struggle against the monarchy in 1787-88, strengthening the aristocratic rebellion on the eve of the French Revolution.

[Yoshio Shigaki]

Local High Court

The local parlements, which belong to the Supreme Court like Paris, mostly originated from the old courts of the feudal lords. After their large estates were annexed to the royal estates, they were authorized by the crown to be established as parlements. At the beginning of the 16th century, there were six: Toulouse (1443), Grenoble (1453), Bordeaux (1462), Dijon (1477), Rouen (1499), and Aix (1501). Later, Dombes (or Tréboux, 1523, abolished in the late 18th century), Rennes (1553), Pau (1620), Metz (1633), Besançon (1672), and Nancy (1775). In Alsace, Roussillon, Artois, and Corsica, the royal council Conseil souverain was established, which performed the same function as the parlement.

The judicial bureaucracy of Paris and the local High Courts formed a powerful association that maintained their positions and status through mercenary and hereditary systems, and at the same time obtained many privileges, including exemptions from various obligations, and was eligible for elevation to the nobility.

[Yoshio Shigaki]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

14世紀から18世紀末まで、フランス王国において最終審としての裁判機能を果たした最高諸法院Cours souverainesの一つ。

[志垣嘉夫]

パリ高等法院

王国でもっとも広い管轄地域をもつ。起源はクリア・レギスCuria Regis(国王評議会)で、14世紀の初頭に組織された。当初は下級審からの上訴を審議する大審議室Grand' Chambre、書証に基づき訴訟を裁く調査室Chambre des enquêtes、訴訟人の請願を受理する申請室Chambre des requêtesの3室から構成されていたが、16世紀になってから、刑事事件を担当する刑事室、海魚の売買に関する訴訟を審理する海魚室、夏季休廷中だけに開設される臨時審議室が相次いで創設された。全国三部会が招集されなかった17、18世紀には王国基本法の番人として政治に介入し、ルイ15世幼少の摂政期にはルイ14世の遺言を破棄した。パリ高等法院の強力な武器は、王令登記権と建白権であり、王権の諸立法は当高等法院の審査と登記を経なければ効力を有することができなかった。もし高等法院が登記を拒否すれば、口頭か文書による建白においてその理由を開示しなければならず、ここに王権との間に緊張関係が生じて、王権とまっこうから対決し、大法官モープーRené Nicolas Charles Augustin de Maupeou(1714―92)の改革によってパリおよび地方の高等法院は廃止された。しかし、ルイ16世の治世開始とともに原状に復された。パリ高等法院は、1787~88年にアリストクラシーの反王権闘争を主導して、フランス革命前夜における貴族の反抗を強化した。

[志垣嘉夫]

地方高等法院

パリと同じく最高諸法院に属する地方高等法院も、大部分がそれぞれの大封建領主の古い裁判法廷に起源をもつ。彼らの大所領が王領地に併合されたあと、王権によって高等法院としての開設が認可された。16世紀初頭にはトゥールーズ(1443)、グルノーブル(1453)、ボルドー(1462)、ディジョン(1477)、ルーアン(1499)、エクス(1501)の六つを数えたが、その後もドンブ(またはトレブー、1523。18世紀後半に廃止)、レンヌ(1553)、ポー(1620)、メス(1633)、ブザンソン(1672)、ナンシー(1775)などにも設置された。アルザス、ルシヨン、アルトア、コルシカ島には国王評議会Conseil souverainが置かれて、高等法院と同等の機能を果たした。

 パリおよび地方高等法院の司法官僚は、売官制と世襲制により彼らの地位と身分を保持し、種々の義務の免除を受けると同時に、貴族身分への上昇転化の資格をもって、多くの特権を獲得した強力な社団を構成していた。

[志垣嘉夫]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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