Huang Tingjian - Kouteiken

A poet from the Northern Song Dynasty in China. His courtesy name was Lu Zhi. He was also known as Sanguo Daoren. He was from Fenning (Jiangxi Province). He was born into a distinguished family that had produced many Jinshi for generations, and was known as a precocious child prodigy. He studied under Su Shi, but his poetic name is taken from him. His political stance was one of fair play, but in the struggle between the old and new laws he was hated by the New Law Party, and he was exiled to the borders many times, eventually dying in Yizhou (Guangxi Province). It is said that he was accompanied by only one disciple. He has 30 volumes of Collected Works by Master Yu Zhang Huang, and 17 volumes of Collected Works by Others. His father and father-in-law were among the early group of Du Fu worshippers in the Song dynasty, and under their influence, he inherited the intellectual craftsmanship and respect for unique sensibilities that were linked to Du Fu and Han Yu, becoming a typical poet of Song dynasty intellectualism. His poetry is polished by various ingenious intellectual techniques. In particular, he is known for his method of utilizing ancient poetic phrases and creating his own new poems, which he called ``pointing iron to gold'' and ``transforming the bones and taking the world.'' ``A curve of Yang Pass, the water flows eastward. A fishing boat on the lantern-lit Jingyang. I am simply intoxicated as usual. The wind and moon of the full river make me sad instead of others.'' (``I feel tranquil at night, in dedication to Du Jianso'') is an example. His style of poetry was popular from the end of the Northern Song to the beginning of the Southern Song, and was called the Jiangxi school. In the Ming dynasty, he was criticized by the Kobunci school as a representative of fake Song poetry. At the end of the Qing dynasty, when Song poetry began to be respected, his style was rediscovered.

In Japan, during the Muromachi period, he was loved by the Zen monks of the Five Mountains along with Su Shi. In terms of calligraphy, he is considered one of the four great masters of the Northern Song Dynasty along with Cai Xiang, Su Shi, and Mi Fu. He studied under Zhang Xu and Huai Su of the Tang Dynasty, and claims to have mastered the essence of Huai Su's "Autobiography." He excelled in both writing and cursive, and many of his original works have been handed down.

[Sensuke Iriya]

"Kurata Junnosuke, Chinese Poetry Series 18, Huangshan Valley (1967, Shueisha)" ▽ "Arai Ken's Annotated Anthology of Chinese Poets, Volume 2, Volume 7, Huang Tingjian (1963, Iwanami Shoten)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

中国、北宋(ほくそう)の詩人。字(あざな)は魯直(ろちょく)。山谷(さんこく)道人と号する。分寧（江西省）の人。代々進士を出した名家に生まれ、早熟の神童として知られた。蘇軾(そしょく)に師事したが、詩名は並称される。政治的立場はむしろ是々非々主義であったが、新法・旧法の争いのなかで、新法党に憎まれ、何度も辺境に流罪になり、ついに宜州(ぎしゅう)（広西省）で死んだ。身辺には弟子1人が付き添うだけであったという。『予章(よしょう)黄先生文集』30巻、同外集17巻がある。彼の父や義父は宋代において杜甫(とほ)を崇拝した早いグループに属し、その影響のもと、杜甫から韓愈(かんゆ)に連なる知的技巧主義と、特異な感覚の尊重を受け継ぎ、宋代主知主義の典型的な詩人となった。その詩はさまざまなくふうを凝らした知的技巧により磨き上げられている。なかでも「点鉄成金」「換骨奪胎」と自らよんだ、古人の詩句を活用、新しい自分の詩をつくりだす手法は世に知られている。「陽関の一曲、水東に流る。灯火の旌陽(せいよう)、一釣舟(いちちょうしゅう)。我自ずからは只(ただ)常日の如(ごと)く酔う。満川の風月、人に替わりて愁う。」（「夜分寧(よぶんねい)を発す、杜澗叟(とかんそう)に寄す」）はその例。北宋末期から南宋初期にかけては彼の詩風が流行し、江西派とよばれた。明(みん)代に入ると古文辞派の人々から、宋の偽詩の代表として非難を浴びた。清(しん)末に宋詩が尊重されるようになると再認識される。

　日本では、室町時代、五山の禅僧の間で、蘇軾とともに愛読された。書においては、蔡襄(さいじょう)、蘇軾、米芾(べいふつ)とともに北宋の四大家とされる。唐の張旭(ちょうきょく)、懐素(かいそ)に学び、懐素「自叙帖」の真髄を得たと自らいう。行草に優れ、伝存する真跡が多い。

［入谷仙介］

『倉田淳之助著『漢詩大系18　黄山谷』（1967・集英社）』▽『荒井健注『中国詩人選集2集7　黄庭堅』（1963・岩波書店）』

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