Transparent plastics and glass do not exhibit birefringence to light under normal conditions, but when they are distorted by applying an external force, they begin to exhibit birefringence according to the strain. This phenomenon is called photoelasticity. This birefringence is proportional to the difference in the principal stresses (Brewster's law), and the ratio is called the photoelastic constant of the material. As shown in , if circularly polarized light is passed through a circular polarizer (a combination of a polarizer and a quarter-wave plate) and incident on such an object, and the image of the object is viewed through a circular analyzer (a combination of a quarter-wave wave and an analyzer) and the resulting light is passed through a circular analyzer (a combination of a quarter-wave wave and an analyzer), interference fringes are visible due to birefringence caused by the distortion of the object. The distribution of stress within the object can be determined from the pattern of these interference fringes. This method was invented by Brewster in 1816. It is extremely important in design to investigate the type of stress distribution that occurs when force is applied to structures or machine parts, and it is possible to experimentally investigate the stress distribution by making models of structures and other objects out of photoelastic material.[Wada Yatsumi] [Reference] |©Shogakukan "> Principle of the photoelastic device (Diagram) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
透明なプラスチックやガラスは、通常の状態では光に対して複屈折を示さないが、これに外力を加えひずませると、このひずみに応じて複屈折を示すようになる。この現象を光弾性という。この複屈折は主応力の差に比例し(ブルースターの法則)、その比をその物質の光弾性定数という。 に示すように、このような物体に円偏光子(偏光子と四分の一(しぶんのいち)波長板を組み合わせたもの)を通して円偏光になった光を入射し、出てきた光を円検光子(四分の一波長波と検光子を組み合わせたもの)を通して物体の像を見ると、物体のひずみによる複屈折のために干渉縞(じま)が見える。この干渉縞のパターンから物体中の応力の分布がわかる。この方法は1816年にブルースターによって創案された。構造物や機械部品などに力が加わったとき、どのような応力の分布が生ずるかを調べることは設計上きわめて重要であり、構造物などの模型を光弾性材料でつくって、その応力分布を実験的に調べることができる。 [和田八三久] [参照項目] |©Shogakukan"> 光弾性装置の原理〔図〕 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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