Quechua - Quechua (English spelling)

Japanese: ケチュア - けちゅあ(英語表記)Quechua
Quechua - Quechua (English spelling)

Quechua-speaking people who live in the Andes Mountains from Ecuador to Peru and Bolivia in South America. They are the descendants of people who were once ruled by Inca kings. Most of them are farmers, using simple farming tools such as digging sticks and sometimes small-scale irrigation to grow corn, potatoes, etc. However, corn cannot be grown much in the highlands, so potatoes are important. They cut potatoes, soak them in agar, freeze them, and dry them to make a preserved food called chuño. They keep llamas and alpacas as livestock. They are important beasts of burden, and their fur is used to make clothing. Guinea pigs have been eaten since the Inca era. Traditional houses have one room, with mud-brick walls and a thatched roof. A couple and their children live there. Traditional Quechua villages, which live in isolation at altitudes of over 4,000 meters, usually consist of several dozen to a hundred houses, and many form communities with a history dating back to pre-Inca times. Land is owned by the village, and each family is assigned a field each year. There is also a labor exchange system within the village for agricultural work. Inheritance is traced through the patrilineage, but both paternal and maternal kinship are important. Marriages are intra-regional, mostly intra-village, and monogamy is the norm. At first, the wife lives with her husband's parents, and after about a year, the couple build a new house and move in. Religion is nominally Catholic, and every village has a church and a patron saint, and every year a festival for the village's patron saint is held with great pomp. On the other hand, the Virgin Mary is often associated with the Earth Mother Goddess, and there is a belief in spirits that live on the mountaintops; Quechua religion is a unique mix of Christianity and indigenous religions from before the conquest. During religious ceremonies, they drink chicha wine made from corn, and sometimes eat coca.

[Itabashi Masami]

[Reference] | American Indians

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

南アメリカのエクアドルからペルー、ボリビアにかけて、アンデス山脈一帯に住み、ケチュア語を話す人々。かつてインカの王たちに支配されていた人々の子孫である。大部分が農民で、掘棒などの簡単な農具を使い、ときには小規模の灌漑(かんがい)を行って、トウモロコシ、ジャガイモなどをつくる。ただし、高地ではトウモロコシはあまり栽培できず、ジャガイモが重要である。ジャガイモを切って寒天にさらし、冷凍、乾燥させたチューニョという保存食をつくる。家畜としてラマとアルパカの放牧を行う。これらは重要な荷駄獣であり、またその毛で衣服をつくる。テンジクネズミ(モルモット)がインカ時代から食用にされている。伝統的な家屋は、日干しれんがの壁と草葺(ぶ)き屋根で、一部屋しかない。そこに夫婦とその子供たちが住む。標高約4000メートル以上の高地に孤立して住むケチュアの伝統的な村落は、たいてい数十から百数十戸の家からなり、多くは先インカ時代からの歴史をもつ共同体を形成している。土地は村落が所有し、毎年、各家族に畑が割り当てられる。また、農作業に関して村落内で労働力の交換制度がある。相続は父系をたどるが、親族は父方、母方ともに重要である。結婚は地域内婚、多くは村落内婚で、一夫一妻が普通である。初め、妻は夫の両親の家に入り、1年ぐらいたつと新しい家を建てて夫婦で移る。宗教は名目上はカトリックで、どの村も教会と守護聖人をもち、毎年、村の守護聖人の祭りを盛大に行う。他方、聖母マリアはしばしば大地母神と結び付けられ、山の頂に住む精霊を信仰するなど、ケチュアの宗教はキリスト教と征服以前の土着宗教が混ざり合った独特なものである。宗教儀礼のときに、トウモロコシからつくるチチャ酒を飲んだり、ときにはコカを食べることがある。

[板橋作美]

[参照項目] | アメリカ・インディアン

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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