Oral phase

Japanese: 口唇期 - こうしんき(英語表記)oral phase
Oral phase

This is the first stage of psychosexual development in Freud's psychoanalysis, and refers to the period from birth to about one and a half years of age. Infants are born in a completely biologically helpless state and sustain their lives by breastfeeding from their mothers, but the oral stimulation caused by this breastfeeding induces a sense of satisfaction, which becomes the catalyst for the creation of infantile sexuality. According to Erikson, who reinterpreted Freud's psychosexual development theory as a psychosocial development theory, infants who are satisfied with sufficient care from their mothers develop a basic sense of trust in others and confidence in their own abilities.

Infants who have experienced extreme dissatisfaction and excessive affection become stuck in the oral stage in their psychosexual development, develop an oral personality, become passive and dependent on the outside world, have an excessive interest in receiving affection from others, and develop a narcissistic personality. They may develop a pathological desire for food, and the pathology of their interpersonal relationships may manifest as eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia. Abraham divided the oral stage into early and late stages, and specifically called the late stage the oral sadistic stage. This is because it means that oral activity becomes aggressive as the infant develops teeth.

Oral activity in general is ambivalent, so that eating (loving) necessarily leads to destroying (hating), and because self and other are undifferentiated, swallowing also means being swallowed, and attacking also means being attacked.

[Masamichi Kawabata]

"E.H. Erikson, Early Childhood and Society I, translated by Yayoi Nishina (1977, Misuzu Shobo)" "Karl Abraham, Abraham Papers: Psychoanalysis of Depression, Obsession, and Castration, translated by Kozo Shimosaka, Mitsuhiro Maeno, and Mitsuko Ohno (1993, Iwasaki Academic Press)"

[References] | Abraham | Erickson | Sexual desire | Libido

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

フロイトの精神分析の性心理的発達の第1段階で、誕生から1歳半くらいまでの時期のことをいう。生物的にまったく無力な状態で生まれる乳児は、母親からの授乳によって生命を維持するが、この授乳による口唇の刺激は満足感を引き起こすものであり、これが幼児性欲をつくりあげる契機となる。このフロイトの性心理的発達説を心理社会的発達説としてとらえ直したエリクソンによれば、母親から十分に世話をしてもらい満足した乳児は他者に対する基本的信頼感や自己の能力について自信をもつようになる。

 極度の不満や過剰の愛情を経験した乳児は、性心理的発達が口唇期に固着し、口唇性格がつくられ、外界に対して受動的、依存的になり、人から愛情を与えられることに過度の関心をもち、自己愛的な人格になる。食べ物に対し病的な欲望をもち、対人関係の病理が、拒食症や過食症などの摂食障害として現れることもある。アブラハムは口唇期を前期と後期に分け、後期をとくに口唇加虐期とよんでいる。これは乳児に歯が生えるとともに、口唇活動が攻撃的になることを意味しているからである。

 一般に口唇活動は、食べること(愛すること)が必然的に破壊すること(憎むこと)につながるように、両価的(両面感情的)である。また自他が未分化であるため、のみこむことがのみこまれること、攻撃することが攻撃されることをも意味する。

[川幡政道]

『E・H・エリクソン著、仁科弥生訳『幼児期と社会Ⅰ』(1977・みすず書房)』『カール・アーブラハム著、下坂幸三・前野光弘・大野美都子訳『アーブラハム論文集――抑うつ・強迫・去勢の精神分析』(1993・岩崎学術出版社)』

[参照項目] | アブラハム | エリクソン | 性欲 | リビドー

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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