Public order and morals

Japanese: 公序良俗 - こうじょりょうぞく
Public order and morals

Public order (the general order of society) and good morals (the general moral concepts of society). It is a general principle of law that legal acts must conform to the general order or general moral concepts of society. Therefore, legal acts that violate public order and morals are invalid (Civil Code Article 90). For example, the following legal acts are invalid as they violate public order and morals.

(1) Things that are against human morality (such as a contract between a mother and child not to live together, or an agreement to divorce one's wife and marry another).

(2) Those that are contrary to the concept of justice (contracts that result in the commission of crimes or other wrongdoings, contracts that provide compensation in exchange for not committing wrongdoings, collusion in competitive bidding, etc.).

(3) Taking advantage of the thoughtlessness or hardship of others to obtain unjust profits (usury - taking advantage of the other party's hardship to lend money for a short period of time and then entering into a contract to pay in lieu of real estate worth more than eight times the amount of the claim if the deadline lapses).

(4) Those that severely restrict personal freedom (such as prostitute contracts that are similar to human trafficking).

(5) Those that severely restrict business freedom (such as non-competition agreements that place no restrictions on the time, place, or type of business).

(6) Extremely speculative (such as gambling, although some are permitted by law).

[Takahisa Awaji]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

公の秩序(社会の一般的秩序)および善良な風俗(社会の一般的道徳観念)のこと。法律行為が社会の一般的秩序または社会の一般的道徳観念に適合していなければならないことは、法の一般原則である。したがって、公序良俗に違反する法律行為は無効とされる(民法90条)。たとえば、次のような法律行為は公序良俗に違反する無効のものである。

(1)人倫に反するもの(母と子が同居しないという契約、妻を離婚して結婚するという予約など)。

(2)正義の観念に反するもの(犯罪その他の不正行為をなす契約、対価を与えて悪事をなさしめない契約、競争入札における談合行為など)。

(3)他人の無思慮・窮迫に乗じて不当に利益を得る行為(暴利行為――相手方の窮迫に乗じて金銭を短期間貸与し、期限徒過の場合には債権額の8倍強にあたる不動産を代物弁済とする契約など)。

(4)個人の自由を極度に制限するもの(人身売買的な芸娼妓(げいしょうぎ)契約など)。

(5)営業の自由を極度に制限するもの(時期・場所・営業の種類のいずれについても限定を付さない競業避止契約など)。

(6)著しく射幸的なもの(賭博(とばく)など。ただし、法律上許容されているものもある)。

[淡路剛久]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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