Altitude sickness

Japanese: 高山病 - こうざんびょう
Altitude sickness
Mountain sickness is a syndrome that occurs when humans reach altitudes of 2,500 meters or higher above sea level, and can be of acute or chronic type. Generally, the term "mountain sickness" refers to acute mountain sickness.
In Japan, the condition is mostly seen among mountain climbers, but in recent years, the number of travelers to high altitudes in South American countries such as Peru, Bolivia, and Chile, as well as Nepal, Tibet, and western China has been increasing, and the condition has also been seen among these people.
With rest and appropriate treatment, most people with acute mountain sickness will recover or be cured, but some people may develop severe symptoms and develop a condition called high altitude pulmonary edema, in which fluid accumulates in the lungs, which can lead to death.
High altitude pulmonary edema can occur repeatedly, and it is thought that constitutional predisposition is related to the onset of the disease.
Symptoms of altitude sickness: Acute altitude sickness develops 8 to 48 hours after reaching high altitude. It is always accompanied by a headache, digestive symptoms (loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting), lethargy, fatigue, sleep disorders, dizziness, and other symptoms.
High altitude pulmonary edema often occurs within 1 to 3 days after reaching an altitude of 2,700 meters or more above sea level, and symptoms include strong fatigue, slow walking speed, unsteady gait, falling behind the ranks, coughing, phlegm, and shortness of breath. In severe cases, loss of appetite, wheezing, bloody phlegm, and impaired consciousness may occur, and these symptoms worsen at night.
●Examinations and treatment If you are climbing, the oxygen concentration in your blood will be measured at the mountain clinic. If you are hospitalized, chest X-rays, brain CT scans, fundus scans, etc. will be taken.
Treatment for mild cases includes rest, prescription painkillers, and oxygen inhalation to alleviate symptoms. Drug treatments such as acetazolamide and steroids (adrenal cortical hormones) are also effective.
It is important to recognize the early symptoms of HAPE. Early signs to look out for include fatigue, noticeable difficulty in breathing, extremely slow walking speed, a fast pulse (over 110 beats per minute) even at rest, and rapid breathing.
Once HAPE is diagnosed, the patient must be transported to a lower altitude as soon as possible. Continued stay at high altitude will worsen the condition.
As for drug therapy, if there is severe pulmonary edema or impaired consciousness, steroids are used, and if infection is present, antibiotics are also used.
A convenient, portable hyperbaric chamber (Gamou bag) is also useful for improving symptoms and is used on overseas mountain climbing expeditions.
●Prevention of altitude sickness When climbing to altitudes of 2,500 m or higher, it is important to prepare yourself for the climb and to climb slowly so that you can acclimatize to the high altitude environment.
People who have previously suffered from altitude sickness should stay overnight at altitudes below 2,500 meters when climbing mountains. If they go to higher altitudes, they should make day trips and return to altitudes below 2,500 meters to prevent the condition from worsening.
If you are traveling abroad by plane to an altitude of 2,500m or higher, it is important to avoid strenuous exercise and rest for 1-2 days after arrival until you can get used to the new environment.
To prevent acute mountain sickness, 2-3 tablets of acetazolamide (250 mg) or 4 mg of dexamethasone taken every 6 hours are effective, although both are more effective when used together.

Source: Shogakukan Home Medical Library Information

Japanese:
●高山病とは
 高山病(Mountain Sickness)は、人間が海抜2500m以上の高地に到達したときにおこる症候群で、急性型と慢性型とがあります。ふつう高山病といえば、急性の高山病をさします。
 日本では登山者にみられるものが大部分ですが、近年、ペルー、ボリビア、チリなどの南米諸国、ネパール、チベット、中国西域などの高地への旅行者が増えているため、これらの人たちにもみられます。
 急性高山病は、安静と適切な治療をすれば、大部分の人が軽快・治癒(ちゆ)しますが、一部の人は重症となり、肺に水がたまる高地肺水腫(こうちはいすいしゅ)という病気になって死亡することがあります。
 高地肺水腫は、くり返し発病することがあり、体質的な素因が発病に関係していると考えられています。
●高山病の症状
 急性高山病は、高地に到達して8~48時間後に発病します。かならず頭痛がともない、消化器症状(食欲不振、吐(は)き気(け)、嘔吐(おうと))、倦怠感(けんたいかん)(だるさ)や疲労感、睡眠障害、めまい・ふらつき感などの症状がみられます。
 高地肺水腫は、海抜2700m以上の高地に到達した後、1~3日以内に発病することが多く、倦怠感が強く、歩行速度が遅くなり、足どりが不安定になって隊列に遅れたり、せき、たん、息切れが顕著(けんちょ)になります。重症になると、食欲不振、喘鳴(ぜんめい)(呼吸のたびにゼーゼーいう)、血(けっ)たん、意識障害がみられ、夜にはこれらの症状が悪化します。
●検査と治療
 登山中なら、山岳診療所で血液中の酸素の濃度をはかります。入院した際は、胸部X線、脳のCT、眼底(がんてい)などを検査します。
 治療は、軽症ならば、安静、鎮痛薬の処方、および酸素吸入によって症状が軽くなります。薬物治療として、アセタゾラミドやステロイド(副腎皮質(ふくじんひしつ)ホルモン)薬も効きます。
 高地肺水腫は、その初期の症状をとらえることが重要です。倦怠感、呼吸困難が目立ち、歩行速度の極端な低下、安静にしても脈が速い(1分間に110以上)、呼吸が速いことなどが注意すべき早期の徴候です。
 高地肺水腫と診断したら、患者さんをできるだけ早く低地へ移送する必要があります。高地に滞在を続けると、症状が悪化します。
 薬物療法としては、高度の肺水腫、意識の障害があれば、ステロイド薬を使用し、感染をともなっている場合は抗生物質も使います。
 症状の改善のため、手軽な携帯型高圧チェンバー(ガモウバッグ)も有用で、海外登山遠征などで使われています。
●高山病の予防
 2500m以上の高地に登る場合には、登山前から体調を整え、高地の環境に順応できるように、ゆっくり登山することです。
 かつて高山病にかかった人が登山する場合は、海抜2500m以下のところに宿泊します。それ以上の高地に行くときには、日帰りにし、2500m以下のところにもどるようにすると悪化が予防できます。
 海外旅行などで、標高2500m以上の高地に飛行機で行く場合は、到着後1~2日間は、その環境になれるまで、過激な運動を避け、安静にすることがたいせつです。
 急性高山病の予防薬としては、アセタゾラミド(250mg)2~3錠か、あるいはデキサメタゾン4mgを6時間ごとに服用することが有効です。両者を同時に使用すると、さらに効果があります。

出典 小学館家庭医学館について 情報

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