Books - Chobo (English)

Japanese: 帳簿 - ちょうぼ(英語表記)books
Books - Chobo (English)

It is a means of continuously recording, calculating, and displaying the economic activity of an economic entity in monetary or physical quantities. In double-entry bookkeeping used in corporate accounting, there are main ledgers such as journals and ledgers, and auxiliary ledgers such as cash ledgers, current account ledgers, inventory ledgers, and sales ledgers. Balance sheets and income statements are ultimately created through double-entry bookkeeping, and the ledgers that are essential in this process are called main ledgers, while ledgers that can be used to create balance sheets and income statements without them are called auxiliary ledgers. Although they are called main and auxiliary ledgers, the difference between them is the function they fulfill in corporate accounting, and both play important roles.

The main ledgers, the journal and ledger, record transactions in monetary terms. The journal records the order in which transactions occurred, which account they were entered into, whether the entry was a debit or credit, and the amount. Therefore, by looking at the journal, you can see the historical record of transactions, as well as how much was recorded in each account. The ledger has accounts that record increases and decreases in assets, liabilities, capital, revenue, and expenses by type or cause, and records are made by posting from the journal. The ledger records the date, the offset account for the journal entry, and the amount, divided into increases and decreases, so for example, you can see the cash balance by looking at the cash account, and the loans balance by looking at the borrowings account.

There are various types of subsidiary ledgers, such as inventory ledgers, which record the details of increases and decreases in specific assets, and subsidiary registers such as cash ledgers, current account ledgers, and sales ledgers, which record the details of specific transactions, but there is no difference between them in that they record the details of changes in assets or the details of the causes of changes in assets and are useful for managing individual assets. For example, the cash ledgers record the dates and reasons for cash receipts and expenditures, which are useful for managing the asset of cash. The sales ledgers record the details of the sales date, the recipient, the conditions, etc.

In the past, paper ledgers were the norm, but with today's computerized accounting, floppy disks and hard disks are used as ledgers.

[Katsunobu Bandai]

[Reference] | Accounting books | Accounts | Corporate accounting | Cash book | Computer accounting | Bookkeeping | Ledger

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

経済主体の経済活動を貨幣数値または物量数値によって、継続的に記録、計算、表示する手段をいう。企業会計で用いられる複式簿記では、帳簿には、仕訳帳、元帳といった主要簿と、現金出納帳、当座預金出納帳、商品有高帳、売上帳などの補助簿がある。複式簿記から誘導されて最終的に貸借対照表と損益計算書が作成されるが、そのプロセスにおいて必要不可欠な帳簿が主要簿であり、それがなくても貸借対照表と損益計算書を作成することができる帳簿が補助簿である。主要簿と補助簿という名称ではあるが、両者の差は企業会計において果たしている機能の違いであって、両者ともに重要な役割を担っていることには変わりない。

 主要簿である仕訳帳と元帳では貨幣数値による記録が行われる。仕訳帳には、取引が発生した順に、どの勘定科目に記入するのか、その記入は借方か貸方か、その金額はいくらかが記録される。したがって、仕訳帳を見れば、取引の歴史的な記録がわかると同時に、どの勘定科目にいくら記録されているかがわかる。元帳には、資産、負債、資本、収益、費用について形態別あるいは原因別にそれらの増減を記録する勘定が設けられ、仕訳帳から転記という形で記録が行われる。元帳には日付、仕訳の相手勘定、金額が増加と減少に分けて記録されるので、たとえば現金勘定を見れば現金の残高、借入金勘定を見れば借入金の残高がわかる。

 補助簿には特定の資産などの増減の明細を記録する商品有高帳などの補助元帳と、特定の取引の明細を記録する現金出納帳、当座預金出納帳、売上帳などの補助記入帳があるが、財産変動の明細あるいは財産が変動した原因の明細が記録され個々の財産の管理に役だつ点では違いはない。たとえば、現金出納帳には現金の収入・支出が生じた日付、原因の明細が記録されており、それにより現金という財産の管理に役だつ。また、売上帳には売上げが行われた日付、相手先、条件等の明細が記録される。

 帳簿は、かつては紙片帳簿が一般的であったが、今日のコンピュータ会計のもとではフロッピーディスクやハードディスクが帳簿として利用されている。

[万代勝信]

[参照項目] | 会計帳簿 | 勘定 | 企業会計 | 現金出納帳 | コンピュータ会計 | 簿記 | 元帳

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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