Originally, the term meant currency minted from precious metals, but today, currency made from metal is called coin to distinguish it from paper money. More than that, it is often used as a term in international finance. That is, under the International Monetary Fund (IMF) system, it refers to a currency that is not subject to exchange controls and is exchangeable with gold or gold-backed US dollars, while non-exchangeable currencies are called soft currencies. When the US dollar ceased to be convertible with gold in August 1971, hard currency no longer exists in that sense, but it now means a currency that can be freely exchanged with other currencies in the foreign exchange market and international financial market, and can be freely used to settle transactions and manage and raise funds. Not only the US dollar, but also the currencies of major developed countries that have abolished exchange controls and liberalized international capital transactions have convertibility, are called hard currencies, and to a certain extent play the role of international currencies used in international transactions and held by non-residents. Specifically, the US dollar, euro, yen, British pound, Swiss franc, and Canadian dollar are considered hard currency. [Seiichi Nakajo] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
本来は、貴金属で鋳造された貨幣の意味であったが、今日では金属でつくられた貨幣(coin)を、紙幣と区別して、硬貨とよんでいる。 それ以上に、国際金融上の用語として使われることが多い。すなわち、国際通貨基金(IMF)体制下では、為替(かわせ)管理がなく、金または金に裏づけられた米ドルと交換可能な通貨をいい、これに対し交換不能の通貨を軟貨(soft currency)といった。米ドルが1971年8月に金との交換性を停止したことによりその意味での硬貨はなくなったが、外国為替市場、国際金融市場で他国通貨と自由に交換でき、取引の決済や資金の運用・調達が自由にできる通貨を意味するようになっている。米ドルだけでなく、為替管理の撤廃、国際資本取引の自由化された主要先進国の通貨は通貨の交換性を有し、ハード・カレンシーとよばれるとともに、国際取引に使用され、かつ非居住者に保有される国際通貨の役割を一定程度担っている。具体的には、米ドル、ユーロ、円、英ポンド、スイス・フラン、カナダ・ドルなどが硬貨とされている。 [中條誠一] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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