Cambridge school

Japanese: ケンブリッジ学派 - けんぶりっじがくは(英語表記)Cambridge school
Cambridge school

The orthodox school of economics in Britain, centered around Cambridge University, was founded by A. Marshall, who became a professor of economics at Cambridge University in 1885, and was succeeded by A. C. Pigou, J. M. Keynes, D. H. Robertson, J. V. Robinson, and others after the Marginal Revolution. It was once called the neoclassical school, but now the term is often used in a broader sense.

Marshall took a marginalist stance, and while he paid attention to the demand side (marginal utility) in price determination theory, he inherited the tradition of the classical school, which elucidated economic phenomena, including prices, mainly from the supply side (production costs), and he developed an economics that was on the line of the marginal revolution and had characteristics quite different from other schools of thought in continental Europe at the time, such as placing importance on correspondence with and application to real problems rather than theoretical sophistication, and paying considerable attention to monetary problems and long-term historical problems. All of his successors were strongly influenced by Marshallian economics, although to different aspects and degrees.

The economics of the Cambridge School, and particularly Marshall's, is often characterized as partial (equilibrium) analysis (or theory) and contrasted with the general (equilibrium) analysis (theory) of the Lausanne School, which was initiated by L. Walras. However, this method of partial analysis is originally closely and inseparably related to time analysis, which Marshall placed great importance on. To ignore this point and compare partial equilibrium and general equilibrium analyses on a timeless plane and question their relative merits would be unfair to both analyses in terms of the original intent.

Marshall covered almost all areas of economics, and published a large part of them in books, but among his successors there was a tendency for specialization to become more prevalent. Marshall's successor as professor of economics at Cambridge (since 1908) Pigou is best known for welfare economics, which Marshall had already pioneered, his successor (since 1944) Robertson excelled in his analyses of economic fluctuations and monetary issues in his books of the 1910s and 1920s, Keynes was primarily considered an expert on monetary issues until the publication of A Treatise on Money in 1930, and Robinson, before the Second World War, was known for his 1933 The Economics of Imperfect Competition.

It is true that Robertson was the one who remained most faithful to the Marshallian tradition even after the war, but opinions are divided as to whether Keynes, who rebelled against Marshall in his 1936 work The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, or Robinson, who followed in his footsteps after the war, should be called part of the Cambridge School. However, it is also true that the influence of Marshall remains strong in both of them, in that they are concerned with real-world problems and have a strong consideration for Britain.

[Tadashi Hayasaka]

"History of Modern Economics" by Izumi Hishiyama (1965, Yushindo)""History of Economic Analysis 5" by J.A. Schumpeter, translated by Seiichi Higashihata, "Chapter 5, Part 2" (1958, Iwanami Shoten) ▽ "Marshall" by J.A. Schumpeter, translated by Yuzo Yamada (included in "The Ten Great Economists" 1952, Nippon Hyoronsha)"

[Reference item] | Neoclassical school

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

1885年にケンブリッジ大学の経済学教授となったA・マーシャルを創始者とし、A・C・ピグー、J・M・ケインズ、D・H・ロバートソン、J・V・ロビンソンらによって継承されていった、限界革命以降の、ケンブリッジ大学を中心とするイギリスにおける経済学の正統的学派。かつては新古典学派ともよばれたが、現在は新古典学派はより広い意味に用いられることが多い。

 マーシャルは限界主義の立場にたち、価格決定論上、需要面(限界効用)にも留意しながらも、おもに供給面(生産費)の事情から価格を含む経済諸現象の解明を行った古典学派の伝統を豊かに継承し、理論面での精緻(せいち)性よりも現実問題との対応やそれへの適用を重要視するとともに、貨幣問題や長期の歴史的問題にもかなり関心を払うなど、限界革命の線上にある、ヨーロッパ大陸の当時の他の諸学派とは多分に異なった特徴をもつ経済学を展開した。彼の後継者は、側面や程度に差はあれ、すべてこのマーシャル経済学の強い影響を受けている。

 ケンブリッジ学派、ことにマーシャルの経済学は、しばしば部分(均衡)分析(ないし理論)として特徴づけられ、L・ワルラスに始まるローザンヌ学派の一般(均衡)分析(理論)と対比させられているが、この部分分析という手法は、元来、マーシャルが非常に重要視した時間分析と密接不可分な関係にたっており、その点を無視して無時間の平面で、部分均衡、一般均衡の両分析を対比して相互の優劣を問うのは、どちらの分析にとっても、本来の意図との関連では公正を欠くはずである。

 マーシャルは経済学のほぼ全分野を扱い、そのかなりの部分を著書としても公刊したが、後継者たちの間では、専門領域に分業の傾向が現れた。ケンブリッジ大学経済学教授職のマーシャルの後継者(1908年以降)ピグーは、マーシャルがすでに先鞭(せんべん)をつけていた厚生経済学面でもっともよく知られ、その後継者(1944年以降)ロバートソンは、1910~20年代の著書での景気変動や貨幣問題の分析に優れ、1930年刊の『貨幣論』に至るまでのケインズはおもに貨幣問題の専門家と考えられており、第二次世界大戦前のロビンソンは1933年の『不完全競争の経済学』で知られていた。

 戦後もマーシャルの伝統にもっとも忠実だったのがロバートソンであったことは確かだが、1936年の『雇用・利子および貨幣の一般理論』でかなりマーシャルにも反旗を翻したケインズや、その線上にたつ戦後のロビンソンをケンブリッジ学派とよぶかどうかについては意見が分かれるところである。しかし、その後の両者にも、現実問題やイギリスへの強い配慮等々、マーシャルの影響がなお色濃く残っていることも事実である。

[早坂 忠]

『菱山泉著『近代経済学の歴史』(1965・有信堂)』『J・A・シュムペーター著、東畑精一訳『経済分析の歴史5』「第5章2」(1958・岩波書店)』『J・A・シュムペーター著、山田雄三訳「マーシァル」(『十大経済学者』所収・1952・日本評論社)』

[参照項目] | 新古典学派

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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